UNIT-6

PULSE MODULATION
Syllabus….
• Pulse modulation-Types
• PAM, PWM, PPM
• PAM
• Single Polarity
• Double Polarity
• PWM
• Generation of PWM
• Demodulation of PWM
• PPM
• Generation of PPM
• Demodulation of PPM
• TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
• TDM Vs FDM
 TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
• This technique combines time-domain samples from different message signals (sampled at
the same rate) and transmits them together across the same channel.

• The multiplexing is performed using a commutator (switch). At the receiver a

decommutator (switch) is used in synchronism with the commutator to demultiplex the
data.

• TDM system is very sensitive to symbol dispersion, that is, to variation of amplitude with
frequency or lack of proportionality of phase with frequency. This problem may be solved
through equalization of both magnitude and phase.

• One of the methods used to synchronize the operations of multiplexing and demultiplexing
is to organize the multiplexed stream of data as frames with a special pattern. The pattern is
known to the receiver and can be detected very easily.
 PULSE MODULATION
• The process of transmitting signals in the form of pulses
(discontinuous signals) by using special techniques.
• Pulse modulation may be used to transmit analog information, such
as continuous speech or data.
• It is a system in which continuous waveform are sampled at regular
intervals.
• Information regarding the signal is transmitted only at the sampling
times, together with any synchronizing pulses that may be required.
• At the receiver, the original waveform may be reconstructed.
 Pulse Modulation

Analog Pulse Modulation Digital Pulse Modulation

Pulse Amplitude (PAM) Pulse Code (PCM)

Pulse Width (PWM) Delta (DM)

Pulse Position (PPM)

Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM):

*The signal is sampled at regular intervals such that each sample
is proportional to the amplitude of the signal at that sampling
instant. This technique is called “sampling”.
*For minimum distortion, the sampling rate should be more than
twice the signal frequency.
 Sampling
 Analog signal is sampled every TS secs.
 Ts is referred to as the sampling interval.
 fs = 1/Ts is called the sampling rate or sampling frequency.

 A continuous time signal can be completely represented in its samples

and recovered back if the sampling frequency is equal to twice the signal
frequency.

 There are 3 sampling methods:

 Ideal - an impulse at each sampling instant
 Natural - a pulse of short width with varying amplitude
 Flattop - sample and hold, like natural but with single amplitude value
Three different sampling methods
A modulation system in which amplitude of discrete carrier signal changes in accordance
with the instantaneous amplitude of modulating signal(message signal) keeping width
and position of carrier constant is called as PAM.

Pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM), is a form of signal modulation where the message

information is encoded in the amplitude of a series of signal pulses.

It is an analog pulse modulation scheme in which the amplitudes of a train of carrier

pulses are varied according to the sample value of the message signal.

Demodulation is performed by detecting the amplitude level of the carrier at every

symbol period

Types of PAM
single Polarity
Double Polarity
Analog AND PAM FM
Pulse Shaping PAM - FM
Signal Gate Network Modulator

Pulses at sampling frequency HF Carrier Oscillator

Analog Signal

Amplitude Modulated
Pulses
Generation of the PAM signal
 There are two operations involved in the generation of the
PAM signal:
Instantaneous sampling of the message signal x(t) every Ts
seconds, where the sampling rate fs = 1/Ts is chosen in
accordance with the sampling theorem
Lengthening the duration of each sample so obtained to
some constant value τ (sample‐and‐hold)
Sampling Methods in PAM

Ideal and natural sampling signal can eliminate noise

Ideal sampling signal is difficult to generate
Construction of PAM signal

Time Domain Frequency Domain

Block diagram of PAM generation

System for recovering message signal m(t) from PAM signal s(t).
 Types Of PAM

There are two types of pulse amplitude modulation:

1.Single polarity PAM: In this a suitable fixed dc level is added to the signal to
ensure that all the pulses are positive going.
2.Double polarity PAM: In this the pulses are both positive and negative going.

Pulse-amplitude modulation is widely used in baseband transmission of digital

data, with non-baseband applications having been largely replaced by
pulse-code modulation, and, more recently, by pulse-position modulation.
 NATURAL PAM

FLAT-TOP PAM
  Generation and detection is
easy.

Disadvantages of
PAM amplitude which carries information.
 Added noise cannot be removed easily as it has impact on

 Transmission bandwidth is too large.

The modulation system in which width of the discrete carrier signal changes
in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of modulating
signal(message signal) keeping amplitude and position of carrier constant is
called as PWM.

As the amplitude is maintained as constant, the amplitude limiters will clip-off

the portion of the signal that is corrupted by Noise. So this method can
provides a GOOD DEGREE OF NOISE IMMUNITY

This can be used to control analog circuits using digital outputs

The PWM PERIOD is the duration in which modulation takes place. It should
be chosen carefully to give best results for a particular application.
 Pulse Width Modulation (PWM or PLM or PDM):
*In this type, the amplitude is maintained constant but the duration or length or width of
each pulse is varied in accordance with instantaneous value of the analog signal.
*The negative side of the signal is brought to the positive side by adding a fixed d.c.
voltage.

Analog Signal

Width Modulated Pulses

 PWM Demodulator…..
RAMP
GENERATOR

LEVEL
PWM ADDER RECTIFIER
SHIFTER
SIGNAL

SYNCHRONOUS
PULSE
GENERATOR
LPF
1. Very good noise immunity.
2. Its possible to separate out signal from noise.

Disadvantages of PWM
1. Bandwidth requirement is large as compared to PAM.
2. The Transmitter must be able to handle the power contents of pulse having
max. pulse width
3. This method can save the Total Transmitted power. But the power
consumption varies momentarily.

The modulation system in which position of the discrete carrier signal changes in
accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of modulating signal(message
signal) keeping amplitude and Width of carrier constant is called as PPM.

PPM signal is further modification of a PWM signal. It has positive thin pulses
(zero time or width) corresponding to the starting edge of a PWM pulse and
negative thin pulses corresponding to the ending edge of a pulse.

The design goals are

simple Transmitter and Receiver circuitry
noise performance improvement
constant Bandwidth
power efficiency and constant transmitted power
 Pulse Position Modulation

*In this type, the sampled waveform has fixed amplitude and width whereas the
position of each pulse is varied as per instantaneous value of the analog signal.

*PPM signal is further modification of a PWM signal. It has positive thin pulses
(zero time or width) corresponding to the starting edge of a PWM pulse and
negative thin pulses corresponding to the ending edge of a pulse.

* This wave can be

further amended
PWM
by eliminating the
whole positive
narrow pulses.
PPM The remaining
pulse is
called clipped
PPM.
 PPM Demodulator…..

PPM
SIGNAL

Recovered
RS PWM Message
FLIPFLOP DEMODULATOR signal
REFERENCE
PULSE
GENERATOR

Synchronous
signal from
Transmitter

High noise immunity, as the amplitude is constant
Signal and noise separation is easy
The Transmitted power for each pulse is same.
Disadva n tages of
PPM
Need for Synchronization between Transmitter and Receiver
Large Bandwidth is required compared to PAM
PAM, PWM and PPM at a glance:

Analog Signal

Amplitude Modulated Pulses

Width Modulated Pulses

Position Modulated Pulses

Applications
Telecommunications

• In telecommunications, the widths of the pulses correspond to

specific data values encoded at one end and decoded at the other.
• Pulses of various lengths (the information itself) will be sent at regular
intervals (the carrier frequency of the modulation).
• The inclusion of a clock signal is not necessary, as the leading edge of
the data signal can be used as the clock if a small offset is added to
the data value in order to avoid a data value with a zero length pulse.
Power delivery

• PWM can be used to control the amount of power delivered to a load without
incurring the losses that would result from linear power delivery by resistive
means.

• Potential drawbacks to this technique are the pulsations defined by the duty
cycle, switching frequency and properties of the load.

• With a sufficiently high switching frequency and, when necessary, using

additional passive electronic filters, the pulse train can be smoothed and average
analog waveform recovered.
Voltage regulation

• PWM is also used in efficient voltage regulators.

• By switching voltage to the load with the appropriate duty cycle, the output will
approximate a voltage at the desired level. The switching noise is usually filtered
with an inductor and a capacitor. ne method measures the output voltage.

• When it is lower than the desired voltage, it turns on the switch. When the
output voltage is above the desired voltage, it turns off the switch.
Audio effects and amplification

• PWM is sometimes used in sound (music) synthesis, in particular

subtractive synthesis, as it gives a sound effect similar to chorus or slightly
detuned oscillators played together.

• he ratio between the high and low level is typically modulated with a
low frequency oscillator, or LFO.

• In addition, varying the duty cycle of a pulse waveform in a subtractive-synthesis

instrument creates useful timbral variations.
Applications for RF communications

• Narrowband RF (radio frequency) channels with low power and long wavelengths
(i.e., low frequency) are affected primarily by flat fading, and PPM is better suited
than M-FSK to be used in these scenarios.

• One common application with these channel characteristics, first used in the
early 1960s, is the radio control of model aircraft, boats and cars.

• PPM is employed in these systems, with the position of each pulse representing
the angular position of an analogue control on the transmitter, or possible states
of a binary switch.
• The number of pulses per frame gives the number of controllable channels
available.

• The advantage of using PPM for this type of application is that the electronics
required to decode the signal are extremely simple, which leads to small, light-
weight receiver/decoder units.

• Servos made for model radio control include some of the electronics required to
convert the pulse to the motor position – the receiver is merely required to
demultiplex the separate channels and feed the pulses to each servo.
• More sophisticated R/C systems are now often based on pulse-code modulation,
which is more complex but offers greater flexibility and reliability.

• Pulse position modulation is also used for communication to the ISO/IEC 15693
contactless smart card as well as the HF implementation of the EPC Class 1
protocol for RFID tags.
THANK YOU