STANDARDIZATION IN

NETWORKING:
THE OSI MODEL
FERRY KEMPERMAN
NANJING FOREIGN LANGUAGE SCHOOL
COMPUTER SCIENCE IB
 ALL NETWORKING IS BASED ON A
CONNECTION BETWEEN SENDER AND
RECEIVER
• Any network is based on the concept of a
connection and is comprised of four
components
• A sender
• A receiver
• A message
• A medium
LET’S TAKE A CLOSER LOOK AT THESE FOUR
COMPONENTS
• A sender can be you as a person, the receiver is your • When we consider networking we have to use
classmate, the message is ‘hello’ and the medium different abstraction layers too!
used is the air.
• We can see networking from an end-user
• If you send an email on your computer, then your perspective…
computer is the sender, the computer of the
recipient is the receiver, the message is an email and • We can see networking from an application
the medium is the Internet. perspective….
• Or….the sender is the network card in your • We can see networking from a hardware
computer that sends 0’s and 1’s (message) using a perspective….
coax cable (medium) to another network card. • We can see networking from a binary
• What is the difference between these? perspective….
• This model has many different abstraction layers. • Are these all the same…….? Definitely not!
 COMPUTER NETWORKS USE MANY
DIFFERENT KIND OF SOFTWARE AND
HARDWARE…SO HOW?
• Think about the internet. How many different kind of computers • Hardware suppliers, software suppliers and IT companies offering
and devices (in terms of operating systems, hardware brands, services like internet access (ISP/Providers), VPN services, hosting
providers, web services and so on follow the guidelines set by…
suppliers, application in different programming languages,
different browers, cables, speeds, network devices etc etc etc) • The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is
are communicating with each other? an international standard-setting body composed of
representatives from various national standards organizations.
• How is it possible, that despite all this different components,
messages can be send and received all over the world? • Founded on 23 February 1947, the organization promotes
worldwide proprietary, industrial and commercial standards. It is
• The answer is: STANDARDIZATION = AGREEMENT TO USE THE headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland and works in 162
SAME METHODS. countries.
• Almost all countries in the world agree on using the same • It was one of the first organizations granted general consultative
methodology for a wide variety of techniques. Companies status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council.
offering services (also in IT) need to follow these world wide
• The ISO came forward with a standardized network
standards.
model for all involved parties to use:
• Think about this: You put 100 people from all over the world in a
room. Can they communicate? Yes, they can if they can speak • The OSI model
the same language….English or? How do you communicate with
a deaf person?
NETWORKING STANDARD: THE OSI MODEL
OPEN SYSTEMS INTERCONNECTION (OSI)
MODEL
• Comprised of 7 abstraction layers
• All aspects of networking are covered in this
theoretical model.
• Lower layers focuses on networking at hardware
and binary level, while the upper layers take the
perspective from the end-user and application.
• Every layer discusses a different aspect of
networking: security, latency, routing, validation
(error control), encryption etc
• Every layer has it’s own definition of:
NETWORKING REQUIRES A COMMON
LANGUAGE: PROTOCOLS
• If you talk Chinese to me, I wouldn’t know what you are • What is a protocol?
talking about. If I would talk Dutch to you, you would not
understand me. • Wikipedia says…..
• You can speak Chinese and English
• In telecommunication, a communication
• I can speak Dutch and English (and some German and protocol is a system of rules that allow two or
French…)
more entities of a communications system to
• The message was send in a language that either you or I don’t
transmit information via any kind of variation of
understand.
a physical quantity. The protocol defines the
• We can agree to use a common language, a standard: English.
rules, syntax, semantics and synchronization of
• In a computer network we use one standard language too. communication and possible error recovery
• This is called a protocol. methods. Protocols may be implemented by
• The most well known one is TCP/IP hardware, software, or a combination of both
WELL KNOWN PROTOCOLS: TCP AND IP

• What is TCP protocol? • What is IP (Internet Protocol). This protocol has a

standard addressing format of sending a message
• TCP stands for Transmission Transfer Protocol from sender to receiver using a unique code: an IP
and is a standard used on the Internet (and address.
WAN/LAN etc) on how data is send over a
network in a particular format.
• IP has the task of delivering packets from the source
• It tells exactly how octets (a group of 8 bits) are
host to the destination host solely based on the IP
organized when they are transmitted in a addresses in the packet headers. For this purpose,
network from sender to receiver. IP defines packet structures that encapsulate the
• Every bit has its own meaning. data to be delivered. It also defines addressing
methods that are used to label the datagram with
source and destination information.
 Network
A hub is a layer 1
Interface Card
device. It doesn’t
(NIC), a layer 2
know anything
component using
about IP addresses
MAC addresses

A router is a layer 3 device, because

it literally uses IP-addresses to send
packages to the right receiver!
DEVICES/ PER LAYER IN THE OSI MODEL:
LOW LEVEL: HARDWARE, HIGH LEVEL:
SOFTWARE
PROTOCOLS AT DIFFERENT OSI LAYERS
LAYER 7: APPLICATION LAYER
LAYER 6: PRESENTATION LAYER
• Layer 7: Application Layer • Layer 6: Presentation Layer

• Application layer supports application, apps, • The Presentation layer is also called as the layer 6
of the OSI model. Here are the basic
and end-user processes.
functionalities of the presentation layer:
• Quality of service
• Responsible for data representation on your
• This layer is responsible for application services screen
for file transfers, e-mail, and other network • Encryption and decryption of the data
software services.
• Data semantics and syntax
• Protocols like Telnet, FTP, HTTP work on this
layer. • Layer 6 Presentation examples include encryption,
ASCII, EBCDIC, TIFF, GIF, PICT, JPEG, MPEG, MIDI.
LAYER 5: SESSION LAYER (SESSION = CONNECTION
BETWEEN APPLICATIONS)
LAYER 4: TRANSPORT LAYER
• Layer 5: Session Layer • Layer 4: Transport Layer
• The Session  layer is also called as the layer 5 of • The Transport  layer is also called as the layer 4
the OSI model.  of the OSI model. 
• Responsible for establishment, management and • Responsible for the transparent transfer of data
termination of connections between applications. between end systems
• The session layer sets up, coordinates, and • Responsible for end-to-end error recovery and
terminates conversations, exchanges, and
flow control
dialogues between the applications at each end.
• Responsible for complete data transfer.
• It deals with session and connection coordination.
• Protocols like NFS, NetBios names, RPC, SQL work • Protocols like SPX, TCP, UDP work here
at this layer.
 LAYER 3: NETWORK LAYER
LATER 2: DATA LINK LAYER
• Layer 3: Network Layer • Layer 2: Data Link Layer

• The Network layer is also called as the layer 3 of the OSI • The data link layer is also called as the Layer 2 of the OSI model. Here are
the basic functionalities of the data link layer:
model.
• Responsible for encoding and decoding of the electrical signals into bits.
• Switching and routing technologies work here
• Manages data errors from the physical layer
• Creates logical paths between two hosts across the world • Convers electrical signals into frames
wide web called as virtual circuits
• The data link layer is divided into two sub-layers
• Routes the data packet to destination • The Media Access Control (MAC) layer
• Routing and forwarding of the data packets. • Logical Link Control (LLC) layer.

• Internetworking, error handling, congestion control and • The MAC sublayer controls how a computer on the network gains access
to the data and permission to transmit it.
packet sequencing work at this layer
• The LLC layer controls frame synchronization, flow control and error
• Router works at layer three checking.
• Different network protocols like TCP/ IP, IPX, AppleTalk • MAC address is a part of the layer 2.
work at this layer • Devices like Switch work at this layer
LAYER 1: PHYSICAL LAYER
• Layer 1: Physical layer
• The Physical layer is also called as the Layer 1.
• Responsible for electrical signals, light signal,
radio signals etc.
• Hardware layer of the OSI layer
• Devices like repeater, hub, cables, ethernet work
on this layer
• Protocols like RS232, ATM, FDDI, Ethernet work
on this layer.