20MEGO1 Engineering

Graphics
Module 4

Prepared by:
M. Sundra Pandian, M.E., M.B.A.
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, Coimbatore - 10
 Syllabus
Projection of Sectioned Solids and Development of
Surfaces

(Module 4)
Sectioning of above solids in simple vertical position
when the cutting plane is inclined to the one of the principal
planes and perpendicular to the other – obtaining true shape
of section. Development of lateral surfaces of simple and
sectioned solids – Prisms, pyramids, cylinder and cone.
Development of lateral surfaces of solids with cut-outs and
 Sections of Solids
A solid might be cut and the cut solid is then
projected on the HP and VP as per the conditions of
the position of the solid.
The plane which is cutting the solid is known as
Cutting Plane or Section Plane (S.P) and is denoted
as follows.
S P
 Section of Solids
Draw the projections of a triangular pyramid of base
edge 40 mm and height 60 mm resting on HP on its base,
with one of its base edge parallel to VP. It is cut by a plane
inclined at 30° to HP and cutting the axis of the pyramid at
45 mm from the base. Draw its projection and the true
section.
 21’
True Shape of y1 Section of Solids
Section (T. S) 31’
11’ o’
P
3’
2’ 30° Note:
x1 80 1’
45 1. Measure 1 from x-y.
S
a’ c’ 2. Mark 11’ along 1’
x y
b’
above x1 – y1.
a c
1 o 3

40 2
b
 Section of Solids
Draw the projections of a rectangular prism of base 50
mm X 40 mm and height 70 mm resting on HP on its base,
with one of its longer edge of the base parallel to VP. It is
cut by a plane inclined at 45° to HP and passing through
mid-axis. Draw its projection and the true section.
 21’
31’ Section
y1 of Solids
T.S of Section
P
2’(3’)
11’
41’ 45°
90°
x1 70 35
1’(4’)
x a’(d’) b’(c’) y
4(d) 3(c)
Note: S
40 o
1. Measure 1 from x-y.
1(a) 2(b)
2. Mark 11’ along 1’ above x1 – y1. 50
 Section of Solids
A cube of side 30 mm rests on the HP on its end with the
vertical faces equally inclined to the VP. It is cut by a plane
perpendicular to the VP and inclined at 30° to HP meeting
the axis at 25 mm above the base. Draw its front view,
sectional top view and true shape of the section.
 21’ 31’
Section of Solids
T.S 41’
y1

11’ 51’ P
3’(4’)
(5’)2’ 30°
x1
25 30
1’
S
x a’ b’(d’)
45° c’ y
(d) 5
4

(a)1 o (c)
3
(b)2  30
 Section of Solids
A cylinder of diameter 50mm and height 60mm rests on
its base on H.P. It is cut by a plane perpendicular to V.P. and
inclined at 45° to H.P. The cutting plane meets the axis at a
distance of 15mm from the top. Draw the sectional plan and
true shape of the section.
 3 1’ 41’
T.S 51 ’ Section of Solids
21’

P
61’ (5’)4’
11’ 71’ (6’) 3’ 45°
15

(7’) 2’ 60
1’
S

x y
a’ b’(h’) c’(g’) d’(f’) e’
6 (g) 5 (f )
7
(h)
ø50 (a)1 o (e)

(b) 2 3 4 (d)
(c)
 Section of Solids
A cone of base diameter 50mm and altitude 50mm rests
on its base on the HP . It is cut by a plane perpendicular to
the VP and parallel to one of the extreme generators , 10mm
away from it .Draw the sectional top view and the true
shape of the section.
Section of Solids
11’ 21’

S
10 31’
o’ 71’ T.S
1’ 61’ 41’
(7’)2’
50
(6’)3’
51’
x y
a’ b’(h’) c’(g’) 4’ 5’ e’
(g) 5(f )
(h) 7 6
P

ø50 (a) 1 o (e)

2
3
(b) (c) 4 (d)
 Development of Surfaces
Imagine that a solid is enclosed in a wrapper of thin
material, such as paper.

If this covering is opened out and laid on a flat plane, the

flattened-out paper is the development of the solid.

Thus, when surfaces of a solid are laid out on a plane,

the figure obtained is called its development.
Development of Surfaces
 Methods of Development of Surfaces
i) Parallel Line Development

ii) Radial Line Development

Methods of Development of Surfaces
 Development of Surfaces
Exercise:

A rectangular prism of base side 40 mm x 30 mm and axis height 60

mm is resting on its base on HP with two of its lateral surfaces parallel to VP.
Draw the development of lateral surfaces of the prism.
 Development of Surfaces

60 60

x y
a’(d’) b’(c’) A B C D A
d c L = 2 (a+b)
L = 2 (40+30) = 140
30 o
Note: The no. of vertical faces (pink rectangles will be
a 40 b
equal to the no. of sides on the prism base.
 Development of Surfaces
Exercise:

A right circular cylinder of base diameter 40 mm and axis height 60

mm is resting on its base on HP on its base. Draw the development of lateral
surface.
 Development of Surfaces

60

x y
a’ b’ (h’) c’ (g’)d’ (f ’) e’ A B C D E F G H A
h f L = 2R
L = 2(40/2) = 62.8
ø40 a o e
b d
c
 Development of Surfaces
Exercise:

A square pyramid of base 40 mm and axis height 60 mm is resting on its

base on HP on its base. Draw the development of lateral surfaces of the
pyramid.
 Development ofASurfaces
o’
30
B
60

OX
C
x y
a’(d’) b’(c’)
d c

30 o D

A
a b
 Development of Surfaces
Exercise:

A right circular cone of base diameter 40 mm and axis height 60 mm is

resting on its base on HP. Draw the development of lateral surfaces of the cone..
 Development of Surfaces
o’ A Note:

B Radius of base circle , R= 360°

L C Slant Height, L = 
60 L
\  = (R/L) * 360
D
O ° • Divide  into ‘n’ parts as
E
x y the no. of parts the circle
a’ b’ (h’) c’ (g’)d’ (f ’) e’ F
h is divided into.
f
G
ø40 a o
H
b d A
c
 Development of Lateral Surfaces
Exercise: A cylinder of diameter 45 mm and height 70 mm is resting vertically
on one of its ends on the HP. It is cut by a plane perpendicular to VP and
inclined at 45º to HP. The plane meets the axis at a point 35 mm above the base.
Draw the development of the lateral surface of the lower portion of the
truncated cylinder.
 Development of Surfaces

5’ 5

P
(6’) 4’ 4 6
70 70
45° 3 7
(7’) 3’
(8’) 2’ 35 2 8
1’ 1 1
x y
S

a’ b’ (h’) c’ (g’)d’ (f ’) e’ A B C D E F G H A
h f L= 2 r = …
ø45 o e
b d
c
 Development of Lateral Surfaces
Exercise: A pentagonal prism of base side 30 mm and axis height 75 mm is
resting on its base on HP with one of its lateral surfaces parallel to VP. It is cut
by plane perpendicular to VP and inclined at 45º to HP, bisecting the axis.
Draw the development of lateral surfaces of the lower portion of the prism.
 Development of Surfaces

3
4’ 3’ 4
2’ 30°
2
70 70
5’ 35 5
1’
1 1
x a’ (e’) b’ (d’) c’ y A A
B C D E
e d L= n*a = ….
30

a c
b
 Development of Lateral Surfaces
Exercise: A hexagonal pyramid of base side 30mm and axis height 60mm is
resting on its base on HP with two of the base edges parallel to VP. It is cut by a
plane perpendicular to VP, inclined 30° to HP and bisects the axis of the
pyramid. Draw the development of the lateral surfaces of the lower portion of
the pyramid.
 Development of ASurfaces
30
LA B
o’
1
L LB
L 4’ C
(5’) 3’ 30° 2 LC
60
(6’)2’ 3
LD LC
1’ LB 30 O 4 D
LC
LA 5
x y LE = L C
a’ b’(f ’) c’(e’) d’
6 E
f e LF = L B
1
a o d F
LA
30
b c A
 Development of Lateral Surfaces
Exercise: A right circular cylinder of diameter 40 mm and height 60 mm is
resting on the H.P on its base. A 20 mm square hole is cut on mid-axis of the
cylinder whose sides are equally inclined to H.P. Draw the development of the
lateral surface.
 Development of Surfaces

4’ 4
60
20

1’ 3’ 1 3
2’ 30 2
x y
a’ b’ (h’) c’ (g’)d’ (f ’) e’ A B C D E F G H A
h f x
o L= 2 r = …
ø40
a e Note:

360° = 2 r &  = x
b d  x = ( X 2 r) / 360°
1 c 3
2&4
 Development of Lateral Surfaces
Exercise: A right circular cone of diameter 40 mm and height 60 mm is resting
on the H.P on its base. A 20 mm diameter hole is cut at 18 mm from the base
on the curved surface. Draw the development of the lateral surface.
 Development of Surfaces
o’ A
B
L4 L 1 C
60 L L1 L2 2
L1 4’ L
3 L 4
4 D
L3 3
1’ O °
18 L2 3’ E
2’ y
x
a’ b’ (h’) c’ (g’)d’ (f ’) e’ F
h f
G
ø40 a o Note:
H
b d A  = (R/L) * 360
c
 Syllabus
Projection of Sectioned Solids and Development of
Surfaces

(Module 4)
Sectioning of above solids in simple vertical position
when the cutting plane is inclined to the one of the principal
planes and perpendicular to the other – obtaining true shape
of section. Development of lateral surfaces of simple and
sectioned solids – Prisms, pyramids, cylinder and cone.
Development of lateral surfaces of solids with cut-outs and