Scribd
Upload
73 views36 pages

The Cell: Structure and Function

The document provides an overview of cell structure and function. It discusses the history of cell discovery from the 1600s onwards. It describes how cell fractionation is used to isolate cell components by centrifugation. The key components of plant, animal, and bacterial cells are outlined, including the plasma membrane, nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, peroxisomes, vacuoles, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and cytoskeleton. The roles of cilia, flagella, and cell junctions are also summarized.

Uploaded by

Yla Mae Buo Acejo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
73 views36 pages

The Cell: Structure and Function

The document provides an overview of cell structure and function. It discusses the history of cell discovery from the 1600s onwards. It describes how cell fractionation is used to isolate cell components by centrifugation. The key components of plant, animal, and bacterial cells are outlined, including the plasma membrane, nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, peroxisomes, vacuoles, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and cytoskeleton. The roles of cilia, flagella, and cell junctions are also summarized.

Uploaded by

Yla Mae Buo Acejo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 36

The Cell

Structure and Function

a
History of Cells
 Zaccharias Janssen and son Hans Janssen
1590
 Robert Hooke was the 1st to view cells. Piece of
cork 1665
 1674 – Anton van Leeuwenhoek built a simple
microscope with only one lens to examine
blood, yeast, insects and bacteria.
 Electron scope 1931, STM 1981
Isolating Organelles by Cell
Fractionation
 Cell fractionation
 isolate
(fractionate) cell components, based on size
and density.
 Blend and centrifuge cells at various speeds
Homogenization
Tissue
cells
1000 g Homogenate
(1000 times the
force of gravity)
10 min Differential centrifugation
Supernatant poured
into next tube

20,000 g
20 min

80,000 g
Pellet rich in 60 min
nuclei and
cellular debris 150,000 g
3 hr
mitochondria
(and chloro-
plasts if cells
are from a (pieces of
plant) plasma mem-
branes and
Pellet rich in
cells’ internal
ribosomes
membranes)
Cell Theory
 All living things are composed of cells
 They are the smallest units of life
 Cells come only from pre-existing cells
A view of the Cell
 Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
 All cells have: plasma membrane, cytosol,
DNA, ribosomes.
 Cell Size:
 Most bacteria are 1-10 microns in diameter.
 Eukaryotic cells are typically 10-100 microns in
diameter.
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Bacterial or Prokaryotic Cell
Pili: attachment structures on
the surface of some prokaryotes
Nucleoid: region where the
cell’s DNA is located (not
enclosed by a membrane)
Ribosomes: organelles that
synthesize proteins
Plasma membrane: membrane
enclosing the cytoplasm
Cell wall: rigid structure outside
the plasma membrane
Capsule: jelly-like outer coating
Bacterial of many prokaryotes
chromosome 0.5 µm

(a) A typical Flagella: locomotion (b) A thin section through the


bacterium
rod-shaped bacterium organelles of
Bacillus coagulans
some bacteria (TEM)
Why are Cells Small?
Plasma Membrane
 Made of a phospholipid bilayer, with polar
head on the lipid and non-polar tails
 heads hydrophilic and tail hydrophobic
 functions as a selective barrier
 Fluid in nature with a mosaic proteins and
carbs embedded in it.
Plasma Membrane PIC.
The Nucleus
 Contains DNA
 mRNA and Ribosomes made here
 about 5 microns in diameter
 double membrane 7-8 nm with 20-40nm
perinuclear space in between.
 3000-4000 pores in the nuclear membrane
120nm wide mass of 120 million daltons.
 nucleolus which makes ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
 Continuous with ER
The Ribosome
 Contain rRNA and protein.
 Made of 2 subunits Total size 30nm
 Large made of 45 proteins
 Small made of 33 proteins

 Number varies depending on cell 350,000+ and


up to the millions.
 free ribosomes and bound ribosomes
 Function as a building site for proteins.
Ribosome Pic.
The Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
 Continuous with the nucleus
 Cisternae (flattened sacs)
 Smooth and Rough ER.
 Enzymes of smooth ER synthesize lipids,
including oils, phospholipids, and steroids
 The rough ER mainly packages proteins made
on its ribosomes for into or across the
memebrane
Golgi Conmplex

 Discovered by Camillo Golgi


 Process and package secretory proteins and
produces complex polysaccharides .
 consists of flattened membranous sacs
 Involved in lysosome and peroxisome
production
Golgi
Lysosome
 sac of hydrolytic enzymes (hydrolases)
 digests macromolecules, can fuse to incoming
food vacuoles or other organelles
 can break down proteins, fats, polysaccharides,
and nucleic acids.
 lysosomes can destroy a cell.
 lysosomal enzymes and membrane are
synthesized by rough ER and then transferred
to the Golgi.
 lysosomes play a critical role in the apoptosis
Pic. Of Lysosomes
Peroxisomes

 Make and break peroxide (H2O2), a poison, but


the peroxisome has another enzyme (catalase)
that converts H2O2 to water
 break fatty acids down to smaller molecules
that are transported to mitochondria for fuel
 detoxify alcohol and other harmful compounds
Vacuoles

 Food vacuoles

 Contractile vacuoles

 Central vacuoles
Mitochondria

 Mitochondria are the sites of cellular respiration


 1um wide 3-5 long. Same as most bacteria?
 Hundreds in a typical cell
 Almost all eukaryotic cells have mitochondria
 quite dynamic: moving, changing shape, and dividing.
 Double membrane
 Endosymbiotic Theory- Contain own DNA (circular),
mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes (similar to prokaryotic
cells). Purple Bacteria and Cyanobacteria for plants
 Are semiautonomous!
Mitochondria
Chloroplast

 Chloroplasts, found in plants and eukaryotic


algae,
 site of photosynthesis
 Chloroplasts get their color from high levels of
the green pigment chlorophyll
 Endosymbiotic as well!
Cytoskeleton

 network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm


in 3 dimensions
 organizes the structures and activities of the cell.
 provides support and maintains shape of the cell.
 Is dynamic, dismantling in one part and reassembling
in another to change cell shape
 plays a major role in cell motility.
 three main types of fibers in the cytoskeleton:
microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate
filaments.
Cilia and Flagella

 move unicellular and small multicellular organisms by


propelling water past the organism
 cilia sweep mucus carrying trapped debris from the
lungs.
 Flagella and cilia are about the same width but flagella
are much longer.
 flagellum has an undulatory movement
 Cilia move more like oars
Cilia and Flagella
Cell Junctions

 Plant cells have plasmodesmata


 Animal: 3 main types of intercellular links:
 Tight junctions

 Desmosome

 Gap junctions
Plants: Plasmodesmata
Cell walls

Interior
of cell

Interior
of cell

Figure 6.30 0.5 µm Plasmodesmata Plasma membranes

You might also like