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    Spring 2010 AE172: Introduction To Aircraft Performance Elements of An Aircraft

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    Muhammed Hasan GUCLU
    This document provides an overview of an introduction to aircraft performance course. It discusses key elements of an aircraft including flight mechanics with 6 degrees of freedom, dynamic lift that increases with speed, and high lift devices like flaps and slats used during takeoff and landing. It also covers aircraft instruments including traditional cockpits with mechanical gauges versus modern glass cockpits with electronic displays, and describes common flight instruments and their functions.

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    Spring 2010 AE172: Introduction To Aircraft Performance Elements of An Aircraft

    Uploaded by

    Muhammed Hasan GUCLU
    31 views30 pages
    This document provides an overview of an introduction to aircraft performance course. It discusses key elements of an aircraft including flight mechanics with 6 degrees of freedom, dynamic lift that increases with speed, and high lift devices like flaps and slats used during takeoff and landing. It also covers aircraft instruments including traditional cockpits with mechanical gauges versus modern glass cockpits with electronic displays, and describes common flight instruments and their functions.

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    kutay.AE172.Spring2011.Class4

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    This document provides an overview of an introduction to aircraft performance course. It discusses key elements of an aircraft including flight mechanics with 6 degrees of freedom, dynamic lift that increases with speed, and high lift devices like flaps and slats used during takeoff and landing. It also covers aircraft instruments including traditional cockpits with mechanical gauges versus modern glass cockpits with electronic displays, and describes common flight instruments and their functions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    31 views30 pages

    Spring 2010 AE172: Introduction To Aircraft Performance Elements of An Aircraft

    Uploaded by

    Muhammed Hasan GUCLU
    This document provides an overview of an introduction to aircraft performance course. It discusses key elements of an aircraft including flight mechanics with 6 degrees of freedom, dynamic lift that increases with speed, and high lift devices like flaps and slats used during takeoff and landing. It also covers aircraft instruments including traditional cockpits with mechanical gauges versus modern glass cockpits with electronic displays, and describes common flight instruments and their functions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 30

    Spring 2010

    AE172: Introduction to Aircraft


    Performance
    Elements of an Aircraft
    Asst. Prof. Dr. Ali Türker Kutay
    Middle East Technical University
    Department of Aerospace Engineering
    Flight Mechanics
     Control motion of an aircraft in 3D space
    Position (3 translational states)
    } 6 Degrees of Freedom (6DOF)

     Orientation (3 rotational states)


    y Yaw

    Pitch

    x
    Roll

    Dr. Ali Türker Kutay


    Dynamic Lift
     Forward speed of the aircraft is necessary for
    aerodynamic forces to develop.

    2
    V1  L1
    L, D  V 
    aV1  a 2 L1

     For typical airliners (passenger airplanes)


     Cruise speed: ~ 900 km / h
     Landing speed:  300 km / h
    Lift during cruise
    Lift while landing 
    9
    Dr. Ali Türker Kutay
    High Lift Devices
    The amount of lift generated by a wing
    depends on the shape of the airfoil, the
    wing area, and the aircraft velocity.
    During takeoff and landing the airplane's
    velocity is relatively low. To keep the lift
    high, airplane designers try to increase
    the wing area and change the airfoil
    shape by putting some moving parts on
    the wings' leading and trailing edges. The
    part on the trailing edge is called a flap.

    Flaps

    Dr. Ali Türker Kutay


    Elements of an Aircraft

    The part on the leading edge for


    increasing lift is called a slat.

    Slats

    Dr. Ali Türker Kutay


    Flaps and Slats

    Dr. Ali Türker Kutay


    Flaps Video

    Dr. Ali Türker Kutay


    Ailerons Video

    Dr. Ali Türker Kutay


    Elements of an Aircraft

    Spoilers: are small, hinged plates on the top portion of wings intended to reduce
    lift in an aircraft. Spoilers can be used to slow an aircraft, or to make an aircraft
    descend, if they are deployed on both wings. Spoilers can also be used to
    generate a rolling motion for an aircraft, if they are deployed on only one wing.

    Dr. Ali Türker Kutay


    Spoiler

    Dr. Ali Türker Kutay


    Spoiler Video

    Dr. Ali Türker Kutay


    Elements of an Aircraft

    Radome: (the word is a contraction of radar and dome) is a structural,


    weatherproof enclosure that protects a microwave or radar
    antenna. It is transparent to radio waves so that the radar can
    function. Be careful painting!!!

    Dr. Ali Türker Kutay


    Elements of an Aircraft

    Landing gear: is the structure (usually wheels, but sometimes skids, floats or
    other elements) that supports an aircraft on the ground and allows
    it to taxi, takeoff and land.
    Taxiing: refers to the movement of an aircraft on the ground, under its own
    power
    Dr. Ali Türker Kutay
    A380 Landing Video

    Dr. Ali Türker Kutay


    Aircraft Instruments
     Traditional Cockpit
     Uses mechanical gauges to display information
     Difficult to maintain and operate (a flight engineer
    is required for large aircrafts)
     Glass Cockpit
     Uses electronic instrument displays
     Simpler to maintain and operate

    Dr. Ali Türker Kutay


    Traditional Cockpits

    Dr. Ali Türker Kutay


    Traditional Cockpits (cont’d)

    Dr. Ali Türker Kutay


    Glass Cockpits

    Dr. Ali Türker Kutay


    Glass Cockpits (cont’d)

    Dr. Ali Türker Kutay


    Flight Instruments
    Altimeter: The altimeter
    shows the aircraft's height
    (usually in feet or meters)
    above some reference
    level (usually sea-level) by
    measuring the local air
    pressure. It is adjustable
    for local barometric
    pressure (referred to sea
    level) which must be set
    correctly to obtain accurate
    altitude readings

    Dr. Ali Türker Kutay


    Flight Instruments
    Artificial horizon: shows the
    aircraft's attitude relative to
    the horizon. From this the
    pilot can tell whether the
    wings are level and if the
    aircraft nose is pointing
    above or below the
    horizon. This is a primary
    instrument for instrument
    flight and is also useful in
    conditions of poor visibility.

    Dr. Ali Türker Kutay


    Flight Instruments
    Airspeed indicator: shows
    the aircraft's speed (usually
    in knots) relative to the
    surrounding air. It works by
    measuring the ram-air
    pressure in the aircraft's
    pitot tube. The indicated
    airspeed must be corrected
    for air density (which varies
    with altitude, temperature
    and humidity) in order to
    obtain the true airspeed,
    and for wind conditions in
    order to obtain the speed
    over the ground.
    Dr. Ali Türker Kutay
    Flight Instruments
    Magnetic compass: The
    compass shows the
    aircraft's heading relative to
    magnetic north. While
    reliable in steady level
    flight it can give confusing
    indications when turning,
    climbing, descending, or
    accelerating due to the
    inclination of the earth's
    magnetic field.

    Dr. Ali Türker Kutay


    Flight Instruments
    Heading indicator:
    displays the aircraft's
    heading with respect to
    geographical north.
    Principle of operation is a
    spinning gyroscope, and is
    therefore subject to drift
    errors (called precession)
    which must be periodically
    corrected by calibrating the
    instrument to the magnetic
    compass.

    Dr. Ali Türker Kutay


    Flight Instruments
    Turn coordinator: displays
    the aircraft's heading with
    respect to geographical
    north. Principle of
    operation is a spinning
    gyroscope, and is therefore
    subject to drift errors
    (called precession) which
    must be periodically
    corrected by calibrating the
    instrument to the magnetic
    compass.

    Dr. Ali Türker Kutay


    Flight Instruments
    Vertical speed indicator
    (VSI) (variometer):
    Senses changing air
    pressure, and displays that
    information to the pilot as a
    rate of climb or descent in
    feet per minute, meters per
    second or knots

    Dr. Ali Türker Kutay


    T Arrangement

    Dr. Ali Türker Kutay


    Flight Instruments

    Course deviation indicator:


    used in aircraft navigation
    to determine an aircraft's
    lateral position in relation to
    a track. If the location of
    the aircraft is to the left of
    course, the needle deflects
    to the right, and vice versa.

    Dr. Ali Türker Kutay


    Glass Cockpits

    Dr. Ali Türker Kutay


    Head-up Display
    Head-up display: is any
    transparent display that
    presents data without
    requiring the user to look
    away from his or her usual
    viewpoint. Typically displays
    airspeed, altitude, a horizon
    line, heading, turn/bank and
    slip/skid indicators.

    Dr. Ali Türker Kutay

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