 You can’t take the square root of a negative number.

If
you use imaginary units, you can!
 The imaginary unit is ‘i ’.
 i 1
=
 It is used to write the square root of a negative number.

b
Index a Radicand

Property of the square root of negative numbers

 If r is a positive real number, then

r i r
Examples:

3 4 i 2i
4
i
 COMPLEX
NUMBERS
A complex number is a number consisting
of a Real and Imaginary part.

It can be written in the form

i 
1
 i
If i -1,
then : 1
i 3 i i4 i 5 i
i 2
1
i 1 etc
i6 1 i7 i8 .
For i n … divide n by 4…

 If n is evenly divisible by 4 then i

n =1

 If the remainder is 1, then i n = i

 If the remainder is 2, then i n = -1

 If the remainder is 3, then i n = -i

 A number consisting of two parts, one real and one imaginary
 For real numbers a and b the number a + bi is a complex
number.
 If b is 0, the complex number reduces to a which is a pure
real number.
 If a is 0, the complex number reduces to bi which is a pure
imaginary number.
 In other words all numbers, real and imaginary, are in the
set of complex numbers.
The combination of real and imaginary numbers make up the
complex number system

a bi
Real part Imaginary part
 All numbers can be expressed as complex
numbers.
3 3 0i 6i 0
 6i
The complex conjugate of a complex number, z = x +
jy, denoted by z* , is given by
z* = x – jy.
 Two complex numbers
 a + bi and c + di are equal , if a = c and b = d

Properties of Complex Numbers

 The following properties of real numbers hold for complex

numbers.
 Associative Properties of Addition and Multiplication

 Commutative Properties of Addition and Multiplication

 Distributive property of Multiplication over Addition

 We modify the familiar coordinate system by calling the horizontal
axis the real axis and the vertical axis the imaginary axis.
 Each complex number a + bi determines a unique position vector
with initial point (0, 0) and terminal point (a, b).

Real Axis

Imaginary Axis
2
5i

2 2i

4 3i

4
3i
Absolute Value of a Complex Number
 The distance the complex number is from the origin on the
complex plane.
 If you have a complex number (a bi )
the absolute value can be found using:
2 2
a b
Examples
1. 2 2. 6i
5i2
( 2) (5)2 (0)2 ( 6)2
4 0
25
29 36
36
6
Addition and Subtraction of Complex
Numbers
 Add or subtract the real parts, then add or subtract the
imaginary parts.
 For complex numbers a + bi and c + di ,

a c di a c b d i c
di a c b
bi
d i
a
(4 + 6i) + (3 + 7i) (10 4i) - (5 - 2i)
= [4 + (3)]bi+ [6 + 7]i = (10 - 5) + [4 (-2)]i

=Examples
1+i = 5 + 6i
Multiplication of Complex Numbers
 Treat the i’s like variables, then change any that are not to
the first power
 For complex numbers a + bi and c + di,
a bi c di ac bd ad bc i
 The product of two complex numbers is found by multiplying
as if the numbers were binomials and using the fact that i2 = -
1.
 Example:- Ex: (2 3i)( 6
1. i(3 i) 2i)
3i 12 4i 18i 6i2
1212 22i
22i 6( 61)
i2
6
3i
22i
 3 11i * 1
Ex : 1 2i 1 25
2i2i 5i5
(3 11i)( 1 2i)
25
( 1 2i)( 1 2i)
55i 5
3 6i 11i 22i2
5 i
1 2i 2i 4i2

3 5i 22(
1)
1 4( 1)

3 5i 22
1 4
 COMPLEX

NUMBERS
Why complex numbers are introduced???
Equations like x2=-1 do not have a solution within
the real numbers

x2 

1
x 1

i   1
i 2
1
 COMPLEX
CONJUGATE
 The COMPLEX CONJUGATE of a complex
number
z = x + iy, denoted by z* , is given by

z* = x – iy
 The Modulus or absolute value
is defined by

z xy
2 2
 COMPLEX
NUMBERS
Real numbers and imaginary numbers are
subsets of the set of complex numbers.

Real Numbers Imaginary

Numbers
Complex Numbers
 COMPLEX
NUMBERS
Equal complex numbers

Two complex numbers are equal if their

real parts are equal and their imaginary
parts are equal.

If a + bi = c + di,
then a = c and b =
d
ADDITION OF COMPLEX
NUMBERS

(a  bi)  (c  di)  (a  c) 
(b  d)i
Imaginary Axis

z2
EXAMPLE
z sum
z1
(2  3i)  (1 5i)
z2
 (2 1)  (3  Real Axis

5)i
 3  8 i
 SUBTRACTION OF COMPLEX
NUMBERS
(a  bi)  (c  di)  (a  c) 
(b  d)i Imaginary Axis

Example z1 z2

( 2  3 i )  (1  5 i ) z2
zdiff

 ( 2 1)  (3  5)i z2

Real Axis

 1  2i
MULTIPLICATION OF COMPLEX
NUMBERS
(a  bi)(c  di)  (ac bd)  (ad
 bc)i
Example

(2  3i)(1 5i)
 ( 2  1 5 )  (1 0  3)i
 1313i
DIVISION OF A COMPLEX
NUMBERS
a  bi  
 a  bi  c 

c  di  c  di  c 
di 
di 

ac  adi bci bdi2


c2 
d2
EXAMPLE

6  7i 
6  7i   1  2i
 
1  2i 1  2i  1 
 6  1 22 ii  7 i  1 4 i 6  1 4  5i
  2 2  1
2 12
4


20 

20

5i 4
5
5i 5 i
 COMPLEX
PLANE
A complex number can be plotted on a plane with two
perpendicular coordinate axes
 The horizontal x-axis, called the real axis
 The vertical y-axis, called the imaginary axis

y
P
x-y plane is known as the
z = x + iy complex plane.

O x
The complex plane

Slide 14
 COMPLEX
PLANE
Geometrically, |z| is the distance of the point z from the
origin while θ is the directed angle from the positive
x- axis to OP in the above figure.

y 
  t a n  1  
x 
θ is called the argument of z and is
denoted by arg z. Thus,
Im

y
P
y z z = x + iy
  argz  tan  
1
r
x 0 |=
|z
θ

O x Re
Imaginary axis

Real axis
 Expressing Complex
Number in Polar
Form
x  r cos yr
 sin
So any complex number, x + iy,
can be written in
polar form:

x  yi  r cos  r
sini
 APPLICATIONS

 Complex numbers has a wide range of

applications in Science, Engineering,
Statistics etc.
Applied mathematics
Solving diff eqs with function of complex roots

 Cauchy's integral formula

 Calculus of residues

 In Electric circuits
to solve electric circuits
How complex numbers can be applied
to “The Real World”???

 Examples of the application of complex numbers:

1) Electric field and magnetic field.

2) Application in ohms law.

3) In the root locus method, it is especially important

whether the poles and zeros are in the left or right
half planes
4) A complex number could be used to represent the
position of an object in a two dimensional plane,
 REFERENCES..

 Wikipedia.com
 Howstuffworks.com
 Advanced Engineering
Mathematics
 Complex Analysis
NOVEMBER 18,2021 HL
MODULUS AND ARGUMENT
 Expressing Complex
Number in Polar
Form
x  r cos yr
 sin
So any complex number, x + iy,
can be written in
polar form:

x  yi  r cos  r
sini