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Introduction of Networking 2

Networks can be classified based on geographical span, interconnectivity, administration, and architecture. Geographical span includes local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). Computer networks use a client-server model where clients make requests of servers that store and process resources. The Internet is a global, public network that connects networks worldwide using communication protocols, hardware infrastructure, and internet applications like the World Wide Web.

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539 views28 pages

Introduction of Networking 2

Networks can be classified based on geographical span, interconnectivity, administration, and architecture. Geographical span includes local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). Computer networks use a client-server model where clients make requests of servers that store and process resources. The Internet is a global, public network that connects networks worldwide using communication protocols, hardware infrastructure, and internet applications like the World Wide Web.

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yousef
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INTRODUCTION OF

NETWORKING
Lecture 2

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Classification of Computer Networks
• Computer networks are classified based on various factors.
They includes:

• Geographical span ‫امتداد‬


• Inter-connectivity ‫ت رابط‬
• Administration
• Architecture
Geographical Span
• Local-area network (LAN) A network that connects a

relatively small number of machines in a relatively close


geographical area.
Geographical Span
• Various configurations, called topologies, have been used
to administer LANs
• Ring topology A configuration that connects all nodes in a closed
loop on which messages travel in one direction
• Star topology A configuration that centers around one node(hub)
to which all others are connected and through which all messages
are sent
• Bus topology All nodes are connected to a single
communication line that carries messages in both directions
Topology ― 3 basic types
• How so many computers are connected together?
Bus Topology Ring Topology

Star Topology

Hub • A bus technology called Ethernet


has become the industry standard
for local-area networks
Geographical Span
• Wide-area network (WAN) A network that connects two
or more local-area networks over a potentially large
geographic distance
Often one particular node on a LAN is set up to serve as a
gateway to handle all communication going between that LAN and
other networks
Communication between networks is called
internetworking
The Internet, as we know it today, is essentially the ultimate wide-
area network, spanning the entire globe
Cont..
• Metropolitan Area Network(MAN)
The Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) generally expands
throughout a city such as cable TV network.
Inter-Connectivity
• By connectedness we mean either logically , physically , or

both ways.
• Every single device can be connected to every other device on

network, making the network mesh.


• All devices can be connected but geographically disconnected,

created bus like structure.


Cont..
• Each device is connected to its left and right peers only,
creating linear structure.
• All devices connected together with a single device,
creating star like structure.
• All devices connected arbitrarily using all previous ways to
connect each other, resulting in a hybrid structure.
Administration
• From an administrator’s point of view, a network can be

private network which belongs a single autonomous


system and cannot be accessed outside its physical or
logical domain. A network can be public which is accessed
by all.
Network Architecture
• Computer networks can be discriminated into various
types such as Client-Server, peer-to-peer or hybrid,
depending upon its architecture.

• There can be one or more systems acting as Server.


Other being Client, requests the Server to serve requests.
Server takes and processes request on behalf of Clients.
• Two systems can be connected Point-to-Point, or in back-
to-back fashion. They both reside at the same level and
called peers.
• There can be hybrid network which involves network
architecture of both the above types.
Networking
• Computer networks have opened up an
entire frontier in the world of computing
called the client/server model

Client/Server interaction
Networking
• File server A computer that stores and manages files for
multiple users on a network
• Web server A computer dedicated to responding to
requests (from the browser client) for web pages
Components
• Clients
• Servers
• Communication Networks

Server

Client
Clients
• Applications that run on computers
• Rely on servers for
• Files
• Devices Clients are Applications
• Processing power
• Example: E-mail client
• An application that enables you to send and receive e-mail
Servers
• Computers or processes that manage network resources
• Disk drives (file servers)
• Printers (print servers)
• Network traffic (network servers)
Servers Manage
Resources
• Example: Database Server
• A computer system that processes database queries
Communication Networks

Networks Connect
Clients and
Servers
Client–Server Computing
• Process takes place
• on the server and
• on the client Client-Server
Computing Optimizes
• Servers Computing Resources
• Store and protect data
• Process requests from clients
• Clients
• Make requests
• Format data on the desktop
INTERNET
A Brief History of the Internet
• Internet
• Global, public network of computer networks
• Computer network
• Collection of computing devices connected together to share
resources such as files, software, processors, storage, and printers
• Internetwork
• Users on different networks can communicate and share data
Internet Hardware
• Protocols
• Rules implemented in network software and hardware
• Establish connections between two or more computers,
allowing them to communicate
• Internet backbone
• The main Internet pathways and connections
• A set of high-speed networks that carry Internet traffic
• Network service providers
• The large telecom companies that provide the hardware
over which the Internet travels
Internet Hardware
• Points of presence (POPs)
• Utility stations which enable customers to connect to the
Internet
• Internet service providers (ISP)
• Companies that provide customers access to the
Internet through network service providers’ (NSPs’)
points of presence (POPs)
• Routers
• Devices —typically a small to large unit with network
ports—which manage network traffic by finding the
fastest route for messages to travel to their destination
Assessing the Internet
• Dial-up connection
• Low-speed Internet service

• Cable modem connection


• High-speed Internet service
• transfer rates as high as 8 Mbps, provided by cable television
service providers
• DSL (digital subscriber line) connection
• Uses customer’s phone line
• Users can use Internet and talk on the phone simultaneously

• Digital satellite service (DSS)


• Broadband over power lines (BOP)
Internet Protocols
• Protocols for the Internet
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): enables two hosts to
establish a connection and exchange streams of data
• Internet Protocol (IP): The formatting and addressing scheme for
Internet data packets
• IP address: identifier for Internet hosts
• Four numbers (0 to 255) (or 32 bits) separated by periods, such as 64.233.161.104
• Dynamic/static

• Internet
• A packet switching network
• Domain names
• Associated English names assigned to IP addresses
• Domain Name System (DNS)
Web Basics
• Hyperlink
• Element in an electronic document —a word, phrase, or image—
that when clicked, opens a related document
• Hypertext, hypermedia
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
• Protocol controls communication between Web clients and servers
• Web browser: web client such as Internet
Explorer, Netscape, and Firefox
• Software used to request Web pages from Web servers
• Web server
• Stores and delivers Web pages and other Web resources such as
interactive Web content
Web Basics
• Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
• Acts as a Web page address
• Incorporates domain name of Web server and location of Web page
file on server
Internet and Web Applications
• Classification of Web sites
• Search engines, subject directories, and portals
• Communication and collaboration
• News
• Education and training
• E-commerce
• Travel
• Employment and careers
• Multimedia and entertainment
• Information
Internet and Web Applications

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