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Chapter One: Mathematical Modeling

Numerical methods allow mathematical problems to be solved using arithmetic operations by discretizing continuous problems. They are used when problems have discrete data points or are intractable. Mathematical modeling involves describing a system using variables and equations relating a dependent variable to independent variables, parameters, and forcing functions. Numerical solutions introduce errors including round-off from replacing numbers and truncation from approximating infinite values. The total numerical error is the sum of round-off and truncation errors. Convergence measures how close approximated solutions get to the correct solution as computations progress.

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72 views12 pages

Chapter One: Mathematical Modeling

Numerical methods allow mathematical problems to be solved using arithmetic operations by discretizing continuous problems. They are used when problems have discrete data points or are intractable. Mathematical modeling involves describing a system using variables and equations relating a dependent variable to independent variables, parameters, and forcing functions. Numerical solutions introduce errors including round-off from replacing numbers and truncation from approximating infinite values. The total numerical error is the sum of round-off and truncation errors. Convergence measures how close approximated solutions get to the correct solution as computations progress.

Uploaded by

Fekadu
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAPTER ONE

MATHEMATICAL MODELING

1
Numerical Method
 Is a technique by which mathematical problems are formulated so that they
can be solved with arithmetic operations
 Numerical analysis always utilizes a discrete set of points to represent
functions
 Why use Numerical Methods?
 To solve problems have discrete data points
 To solve problems that are intractable
 How do we solve an engineering problem?
Problem Description

Mathematical Model

Solution of Mathematical Model

2
Use the Solution
Mathematical Modeling
 Is an abstract model that uses mathematical language to describe
the behavior of a system
 Usually describes a system by a set of variables and a set of
equations that establish relationships between the variables
Dependent variable = f (Independent variables, Parameters,
Forcing functions)

3
Mathematical Modeling …
Where:
 The dependent (state) variable is a characteristic that usually reflects the
behavior or state of the system.
 The independent (decision) variables are usually dimensions such as time and
space, along which the system’s behavior is determined.
 The parameters (constants) are reflective of the system’s properties or
composition.
 The forcing functions are external influences up on the system.
F  ma - Newton second law of motion

 a F/m
Where
 a = the dependent variable reflecting the system’s behavior,

 F = the forcing function, and

 m = a parameter representing a property of the system


4
Error
 In numerical analysis we approximate the exact solution of the problem by
using numerical method and consequently an error is committed. The
numerical error is the difference between the exact solution and the
approximate solution.

5
 

6
Two Sources of Numerical Error

1. Round off error

2. Truncation error

7
Round-off Error
 The error caused by replacing a number by its closest number is called the
round-off error.
 Example: Approximate the following decimal numbers to four digits by
using rounding

π = 3.14159265358979323846264338

2  1.4142135623730950488

Answer
π= 3.142

2  1.414
8
Truncation Error
 Sometimes called chopping errors are occurred when chopping an
infinite number and replaced it by a finite number or by truncated a series
after finite number of terms.
 Examples: Approximate the following decimal numbers to four digits by
chopping
π = 3.14159265358979323846264338
Chop π to 3 decimal points, π= 3.141

Truncation Error= 0.00059265358979323846264338


ex
 Taking only a few terms of a Maclaurin series to approximate,
2 3
x x x
e  1  x    .......... ..........
2! 3!
If only 3 terms are used,
x  x 2

Truncation Error  e  1  x   9

 2! 
Total Numerical Errors
 is the summation of the truncation and
round-off errors.

Inherent Error
 is resulted due to inaccurate numerical
data

10
Convergence
 is the closeness of the approximated result to the solution as the
computation progresses.

correct to at least k significant

11
The End!

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