SHS - HOPE4 - Week 6

H.O.P.E.
4
WEEK 6
LEARNING GOALS
⮚Learn the importance and benefits of scuba diving
⮚Identify different points of diving history
⮚Enumerate different diving equipment
⮚Define different types of diving
⮚Learn the Scuba diving Health Safety
INTRODUCTION
How Diving start?

A Brief History of Diving,
Men and women have practiced breath-hold diving for centuries. Indirect
evidence comes from thousand-year-old undersea artifacts found on land (e.g.,
mother-of-pearl ornaments), and depictions of divers in ancient drawings. In
ancient Greece breath-hold divers are known to have hunted for sponges and
engaged in military exploits. Of the latter, the story of Scyllis (sometimes
spelled Scyllias; about 500 B.C.) is perhaps the most famous. As told by the
5th century B.C. historian Herodotus (and quoted in numerous modern texts),
During a naval campaign the Greek Scyllis was taken aboard ship as prisoner
by the Persian King Xerxes I. When Scyllis learned that Xerxes was to attack a
Greek flotilla, he seized a knife and jumped overboard. The Persians could not
find him in the water and presumed he had drowned. Scyllis surfaced at night
and made his way among all the ships in Xerxes's fleet, cutting each ship loose
from its moorings; he used a hollow reed as snorkel to remain unobserved.
Then he swam nine miles (15 kilometers) to rejoin the Greeks off Cape
Artemisium.
LESSON PROPER
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT
TYPES OF DIVING?
Breath-hold diving (free diving, skin diving).
This earliest form of diving is still practiced for both sport

and commercial purposes (e.g., ama divers of Japan and
Korea, pearl divers of the Tuamoto Archipe-lago).
The breath-hold diver's compressible air spaces are
squeezed by the increased water pressure throughout the
dive. Each dive, limited by the individual's tolerance for
breath-hold and the risk of drowning from hypoxia, is usually
a minute or less.
Diving in a heavy-walled vessel.
Heavy-walled vessels can maintain their internal

atmosphere at or near sea level pressure ('one
atmosphere'or 'one atm.'), and so prevent the surrounding
water pressure from affecting the occupants. Such vessels
include: the bathysphere, an unpowered hollow steel ball
lowered from the mother ship by steel cable; the
bathyscaphe, a bathysphere with buoyancy control so that
cable is not needed for descent and ascent; and the
submarine, which can travel great distances in any direction
under its own power
Diving with compressed air supplied from the
surface
The diver is separated from the supply of fresh air, which is

kept on the surface. Air reaches the diver through a long
umbilical, which in its simplest form ends in a regulator and
mouthpiece carried by the diver. In more sophisticated
systems the umbilical leads into a dive suit or some larger
enclosed space containing the diver. Devices in this
category include caissons (huge spaces supplied with
compressed air, employed mainly for bridge and tunnel
work), underwater habitats used for saturation diving,
diving bells, and rigid-helmet diving suits.
Diving with compressed air or other gas mixture
that is carried by the diver (scuba diving).
There are two principle types of scuba: open and closed circuit.
Open circuit vents all expired air into the water, and is the mode
used in recreational diving. Closed circuit systems, in which
exhaled air is re-breathed after carbon dioxide is absorbed and
oxygen added, were widely used before open circuit became
available, particularly by military divers who wished to avoid
showing any air bubbles. As with divers using surface-supplied
compressed air, scuba divers are at risk for decompression
problems if they ascend without proper decompression. Helium-
oxygen and other mixtures can be used to go deeper than
possible with compressed air.
WHAT MAKES UP SCUBA
EQUIPMENT?
SCUBA EQUIPMENT
● a tank of compressed air carried by the diver on his or her back.
● a first stage regulator attached to the tank that serves to lower
air pressure delivered to the diver.
● a second stage demand regulator and mouthpiece, that delivers
air on inhalation and closes on exhalation.
● a face mask that covers the diver's eyes and nose, to allow for
both underwater vision and equalization of air pressure within the
mask.
● an extra second stage regulator and mouthpiece, carried by the
diver in case of emergency (when attached to a long hose, this
extra second stage is called an octopus).
SCUBA EQUIPMENT
● two submersible gauges, one to display an accurate depth and the

other to show how much air remains in the tank (or, alternatively, a single
gauge that combines both functions, e.g., as part of a dive computer).
● an inflatable vest (buoyancy compensator, BC) worn to provide a
means of establishing positive buoyancy when needed.
● a weight belt and weights (or some other type of weight system), worn
to compensate for the positive buoyancy of the diver and scuba
apparatus.
● fins to facilitate self-propulsion in the water.
● a wet suit or other type of body protection to prevent hypothermia (and
secondarily to prevent cuts and abrasions under water); in cold water
gloves and a hood may be worn for hypothermia protection also.
SCUBA DIVING HEALTH &
SAFETY
SCUBA DIVING HEALTH & SAFETY
• Before you go underwater, always check your dive equipment. Warning signs of faulty
equipment include broken buckles, strange smelling/tasting air, air leaks, and a jumping
needle on your air gauge when you take a breath out of your regulator.
• One of the most common mishaps while diving is having your regulator, you know, the
device that you use to breathe underwater, knocked out of your mouth. Though this is
rarely serious, it can cause divers of all levels a lot of stress. Practice reaching towards
your lower back and recovering your regulator (just like your instructor taught you) until
it becomes second nature.
• Avoid diving with an underwater camera for your first few dives, even if the school
allows it. Beginning divers tend to get distracted with playing with the buttons, often
causing them to ascend without realizing!
• Take seasickness pills ahead of time if you’re prone to getting seasick

• Never be afraid to ask your guide or instructor questions, no matter how silly they might
seem. Remember, everyone started as a beginner once, and it’s better to dive with confidence
instead of confusion.
• Don’t dive with a sinus infection or a cold, as it will be dangerous (if not impossible) to
equalize.
• Planning a dive vacation? Make sure to learn about the risks of flying and diving before you hit
the runway.
• If you have open wounds, avoid diving or make sure that you the wounds covered – especially
around coral reefs, where skin is more prone to infection. Wear a wetsuit, or protect the wound
with gauze and waterproof tape.
• Did you know that your body processes liquids more efficiency while at neutral buoyancy? This
is why while diving, you’ll have to pee more than usual.
• Be sure to drink plenty of water before and after dives to avoid dehydration.
• Know the signs and symptoms of nitrogen narcosis, especially before attempting
any deep dives.
• Many diving accidents are preventable caused solely by panic. In fact, a report by
Scuba Diving Magazine tells us that over 20% of diver deaths are due to panic.
With a level head, you can work your way out of any diving issue. Practice self-
calming methods like meditation and breathing techniques to help you cope with
any diving challenges that may arise. Visualization is a great practice for walking
through possible challenges and thinking through how you can overcome them.
• The most important thing to remember is, always keep breathing. Never, ever hold
your breath.
VALUES
INTEGRATION
Why do we need to take a risk in
our decisions?
How does taking risk succeeded
our limitations?
ASSESSMENT
What are the scientific facts why we can go
underneath the sea by scuba diving?
What common injuries we can acquired in

scuba diving? How do we avoid that?
REFERENCES
• Tolitol et.al.(2016). Health Optimizing Physical
Education 2. Quezon City. Philippines.
• Callo et.al, (2017). Physical Education and Health

Vol.2. Sampaloc Manila, Philippines

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H.O.P.E.

How Diving start?

This earliest form of diving is still practiced for both sport

Heavy-walled vessels can maintain their internal

The diver is separated from the supply of fresh air, which is

● two submersible gauges, one to display an accurate depth and the

• Take seasickness pills ahead of time if you’re prone to getting seasick

What common injuries we can acquired in

• Callo et.al, (2017). Physical Education and Health

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