DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY

III B. Tech I Semester Mechanical Engineering

Raghu Engineering College

UNIT-3
TURNING MOMENT
DIAGRAMS – FLYWHEELS
 Contents

● Dynamic analysis of four bar slider crank mechanism

● Turning moment diagram
● Single cylinder double acting steam engine
● Single cylinder four stroke engine
● Multi cylinder engines
● Fluctuation of energy
● Fluctuation of speed
● Fly wheel
● Dimensions of flywheel rim

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SLIDE NUMBER 2

 D-Alembert’s Principle
According to Newton’s second law of motion,
F = m.a
F = Resultant force acting on the body,
m = Mass of the body, and
a = Linear acceleration of the centre of mass of the body.
The above equation may also be written as:
F – m.a = 0
The quantity – m.a be treated as a force, equal, opposite and with the same line of
action as the resultant force F, and include this force with the system of forces of
which F is the resultant, then the complete system of forces will be in equilibrium.
This principle is known as D-Alembert’s principle. The equal and opposite force – m.a
is known as reversed effective force or the inertia force (FI).
F + FI = 0
Thus, D-Alembert’s principle states that the resultant force acting on a body
together with the reversed effective force (or inertia force), are in equilibrium.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SLIDE NUMBER 3

 Approximate Analytical Method for Velocity and
Acceleration of the Piston
l = Length of connecting rod
between the centres,
r = Radius of crank or crank
pin circle,
φ = Inclination of connecting
rod to the line of stroke PO,
n = Ratio of length of connecting rod to the radius of crank = l/r.
x = P′P = OP′ − OP = (P′C′ + C′O) − (PQ + QO) = (l + r) − (l cos φ + r cos θ)
 l 
 r 1  cos    l 1  cos    r 1  cos    1  cos  
 r 
= r [(1 − cos θ) + n (1 − cos φ)]
From triangles CPQ and CQO, CQ = l sin φ = r sin θ or l/r = sin θ/sin φ
n = sin θ/sin φ or sin φ = sin θ/n 1

 sin  
2 2

cos   1  sin    
1
2
1  n 2 
2

 
1 sin  2
cos   1   2
 ..... Expanding above expression by binomial theorem
2 n
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SLIDE NUMBER 4
 Approximate Analytical Method for Velocity and
Acceleration of the Piston
sin 2  sin 2 
cos   1  2
 cos   higher
 1...(Neglecting 2 terms)
2n 2n
 sin 2    sin 2  
x = r [(1 − cos θ) + n (1 − cos φ)]  r 1  cos   n  2n 2   r 1  cos   2n 
   
Differentiating equation with respect to θ,
dx  1   sin 2 
 r sin    2 sin  . cos    r sin  
d  2n   2n 
Velocity of P with respect to O or velocity of the piston P
dx dx d dx
vPO  vP     
dt d dt d

Substituting the value of dx/dθ from equation,

dx  sin 2 
Velocity of the piston vPO  vP     .r sin  
d  2n 

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SLIDE NUMBER 5

 Approximate Analytical Method for Velocity and
Acceleration of the Piston
Acceleration of the piston
Since the acceleration is the rate of change of velocity,
dv dv d dv
aP  P  P   P 
Differentiating the velocity d with
dtequation d to θ,
dt respect

dvP  cos 2  2   cos 2 

 .r cos      .r  cos  
d  2n   n 
Substituting the value of dvP/dθ from equation,

 cos 2  2  cos 2 
a P  .r cos        .r  cos  
•  inner deadncentre
When crank is at the  (I.D.C.), then  θ = 0° n 

 cos 0   1
a P   .r cos 0 
2 
     2
.r 1 
• When the crank is at the outer
 dead centre
n (O.D.C.),
 then θ = 180°
n

 cos 2  180   1
a P   .r cos 180 
2 
   2
.r   1 
 n   n


DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SLIDE NUMBER 6

 Angular Velocity and Acceleration of the
Connecting Rod
CQ = l sin φ = r sin θ
r sin 
sin    sin  
l n
Differentiating both sides with
respect to time t
d cos  d cos 
cos      
dt n dt n
Since the angular velocity of the connecting rod PC is same as the angular velocity of
point P with respect to C and is equal to dφ/dt, therefore angular velocity of the
connecting rod  cos 
 PC  
n cos  1

 sin 2
  2

cos   1  sin 2  2  
1

We know that+ 1  n 2  
 
 cos   cos   cos
 PC     
n 
 1 
sin  
2

1
2 n 1
n  sin  
2 2
1
2 n  sin  
2 2 1/ 2

 n2  n
 
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SLIDE NUMBER 7
 Angular Velocity and Acceleration of the
Connecting Rod
Angular acceleration of the connecting rod PC
αPC = Angular acceleration of P with respect to C = d(ωPC)/dt
d PC d PC d d PC
   
dt d dt d
Differentiating the equation with respect to θ
d PC d   cos     sin  n 2  1
  2 1/ 2 

d d  n  sin 2
  
 n 2
 sin 2
 3/ 2

 PC 
d  PC 
 
  2 sin  n 2  1  
d 
n 2  sin 2 
3/ 2

• Since sin2 θ is small as compared to n2, therefore it may be neglected
 cos    2 sin  n 2  1
 PC  and  PC 
n n3
• Unity is small as compared to n2, hence the term unity may be neglected
  2 sin 
 PC 
n
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SLIDE NUMBER 8
 Forces on the Reciprocating Parts of an Engine
 Piston effort
mR ,WR= Mass & wt. of the reciprocating parts, piston, crosshead or gudgeon pin, in kg
Accelerating force or inertia force of the reciprocating parts
 cos 2 
FI  mR a P  mR a R  mR . 2 .r cos  
 n 
It may be noted that in a horizontal engine, the reciprocating parts are accelerated
from rest, during the latter half of the stroke (i.e. when the piston moves from IDC to
ODC). It is, then, retarded during the latter half of the stroke (i.e. when the piston
moves from ODC to IDC). The inertia force due to the acceleration of the reciprocating
parts, opposes the force on the piston due to the difference of pressures in the
cylinder on the two sides of the piston. On the other hand, the inertia force due to
retardation of the reciprocating parts, helps the force on the piston.
FP = Net load on the piston Inertia force= FL FI (Neglecting frictional resistance)
= FL FI − RF (Considering frictional resistance)
Piston effort, FP = FL FI WR ― RF (a vertical engine, the weight of the reciprocating parts
assists the piston effort during the downward stroke and opposes during the upward stroke of
the piston)
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SLIDE NUMBER 9
 Forces on the Reciprocating Parts of an Engine
 Force acting along the connecting
rod(FQ)
FP
From the geometry of the figure FQ 
cos 
sin 2  FP
As cos   1  2
so FQ 
n sin 2 
1
n2

 Thrust on the sides of the cylinder walls or normal reaction on the guide
bars(FN)

FN = FQ sin φ = (FP /cos φ) x sin φ = FP tan φ

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SLIDE NUMBER 10

 Forces on the Reciprocating Parts of an Engine
 Crank-pin effort and thrust on crank
shaft bearings(FB)
The component of FQ perpendicular to
the crank is known as crank-pin effort
and it is denoted by FT. The component
of FQ along the crank produces a thrust
on the crank shaft bearings and it is
denoted by FB
FP
FT  FQ sin       sin    
cos 
FP
FB  FQ cos      cos   
cos 
 Crank effort or turning moment or torque on the crank shaft(T)
FP
T  FT  r   sin     r
cos 

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SLIDE NUMBER 11

 Forces on the Reciprocating Parts of an Engine
 Crank effort or turning moment or torque on the crank shaft(T)

T  FT  r 
FP
 sin     r  FP 
sin  cos   cos  sin    r
cos  cos 
 sin  
 FP   sin   cos     r  FP  sin   cos   tan   r
 cos  
sin 
We know that l sin φ = r sin θ  sin  
1
n
 sin  
2
1
2

cos   1  sin  2  
1
2
 1  2

  n 2
 sin 2

 n  n
sin  sin  n sin 
tan     
cos  n n 2  sin 2  n 2  sin 2 
Substituting the value of tan φ in equation T  FP  sin   cos   tan   r
 cos  sin    sin 2 
T  FP   sin     r  FP  r  sin  
 


 n 2
 sin 2
   2 n 2  sin 2  
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SLIDE NUMBER 12
 Problem-1
The crank-pin circle radius of a horizontal engine is 300 mm. The mass of the reciprocating
parts is 250 kg. When the crank has travelled 60° from I.D.C., the difference between the
driving and the back pressures is 0.35 N/mm2. The connecting rod length between centres is 1.2
m and the cylinder bore is 0.5 m. If the engine runs at 250 r.p.m. and if the effect of piston rod
diameter is neglected, calculate : 1. pressure on slide bars, 2. thrust in the connecting rod, 3.
tangential force on the crank-pin, and 4. turning moment on the crank shaft.
 Given data:
r = 300mm, mR = 250kg, θ = 60°, p = 0.35 N/mm2, l =1.2 m, D = 0.5m, N = 250 rpm
To Find :-
1. FN , 2. FQ ,3. FT , & 4. T?
Piston Effort(FP) 2  N 2  250
Angular velocity of the crank     26.18rad / s
60 60
2  cos 2 
Inertia force of the reciprocating parts I F  m a  m . .r  cos  
n 
R R R

2   cos 2  60 
 250  26.18  0.3cos 60    19276.66 N As n = l/r = 1.2/0.3 = 4
 4 

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SLIDE NUMBER 13

 Problem-1
Piston Effort(FP)
 
Net load on the piston(FL)  A  p   D 2  p   5002  0.35  68722.34 N
4 4
Piston Effort(FP)  FL FI  68722.34  19276.66  49445.68 N
1. Pressure on slide bars(FN)
3. Tangential force on the crank-pin(FT)
sin  sin 60
sin     0.2165    12.5 FT  FQ sin    
n 4

 
 50646.2  sin 60  12.5  48302.14 N
FN  FP tan   49445.68  tan 12.5  10961.84 N

2. Thrust in the connecting rod(FQ) 4. Turning moment on the crank shaft(T)

T = FT × r = 48302.14 × 0.3 = 14490.64 N-m

FP 49445.68 T = 14.49 kN-m
FQ    50646.2 N
cos  cos12.5

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SLIDE NUMBER 14

 Problem-2
The crank and connecting rod of a petrol engine, running at 1800 r.p.m. are 50 mm and
200 mm respectively. The diameter of the piston is 80 mm and the mass of the
reciprocating parts is 1 kg. At a point during the power stroke, the pressure on the piston is
0.7 N/mm2, when it has moved 10 mm from the inner dead centre. Determine : 1. Net load
on the gudgeon pin, 2. Thrust in the connecting rod, 3. Reaction between the piston and
cylinder, and 4. The engine speed at which the above values become zero.
 Given data:
N = 1800 rpm, r = 50mm, l = 200mm, D = 80mm mR = 1kg, p = 0.7 N/mm2, x = 10mm.
To Find :-
1. FP , 2. FQ ,3. FN , & 4. N1?
1. Net load on the gudgeon pin(FP)
 sin 2    1  cos 2  
x  r 1  cos     r 1  cos   
 2 n   2n 
 1  cos 2   50
10  501  cos   
2 4 
 
8
8 8 cos   1  cos 2

 As n = l/r = 0.2/0.05 = 4

 50  50 cos   6.25  6.25 cos 2   6.25 cos 2   50 cos   56.25  0
  33.14
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SLIDE NUMBER 15
 Problem-2
1. Net load on the gudgeon pin(FP)
 
Net load on the piston(FL)  A p   D 2  p   80 2  0.7  3518.58 N
4 4
2  N 2  1800
Angular velocity of the crank     188.5rad / s
60 60
2  cos 2 
Inertia force of the reciprocating parts IF  m a  m . .r  cos  
n 
R R R

2   cos 2  33.14 
 1 188.5  0.05cos 33.14    1666.3 N
 4 
Piston Effort(FP)  FL FI  3518.58  1666.3  1852.28 N
2. Thrust in the connecting rod(FQ)
sin  sin 33.14
sin     0.1367    7.8552
n 4
FP 1852.28
FQ   
 1869.8 N
cos  cos 7.8552

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SLIDE NUMBER 16

 Problem-2
3. Reaction between the piston and cylinder(FN)

FN  FP tan   1852.28  tan 7.8552  255.55 N

4. The engine speed at which the above values become zero(N1)
FP  FL  FI  0  FL  FI
 2 2  cos 2 
D  p  mR .1 .r cos  
4  n 
2   cos 2  33.14 
3518.58  1 1  0.05cos 33.14    1  273.92rad / s
 4 
Speed of the crank(N1)
2  N1 2  N1
1   273.92   N1  2615.7 rpm
60 60

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SLIDE NUMBER 17

 TURNING MOMENT DIAGRAM(TMD)
● Turning moment is the measure of
turning effort produced on (by) a
rotating body.
● The turning moment diagram is
graphical representation of the turning
moment or crank effort for various
positions of crank.
● During the revolution of the crank shaft
of a steam engine or an IC engine, the
torque (Turning moment) on it varies
and is given by
 sin 2 
T  FP  r   sin   

 2 n 2  sin 2  

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SLIDE NUMBER 18

SINGLE CYLINDER DOUBLE ACTING
STEAM ENGINE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SLIDE NUMBER 19

 TURNING MOMENT DIAGRAM(TMD)

● The area under the turning moment diagram is proportional to

the work done per revolution.
T = Torque on crankshaft at any instant
Tmean = Mean resisting torque
● Accelerating torque on rotating parts of the engine = T – Tmean
● If (T –Tmean) is positive, flywheel accelerates
● If (T – Tmean) is negative, flywheel retards
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SLIDE NUMBER 20
SINGLE CYLINDER FOUR STROKE
ENGINE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SLIDE NUMBER 21

 SINGLE CYLINDER FOUR STROKE ENGINE

● Pressure inside engine cylinder is less than atmospheric pressure during

suction stroke, therefore a negative loop is formed.
● During compression stroke, work is done on gases, therefore a higher
negative loop is obtained.
● During expansion or working stroke, fuel burns & gases expand, therefore a
large positive loop is obtained. In this stroke, work is done by gases.
● During exhaust stroke, work is done on gases, therefore a negative loop is
formed.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SLIDE NUMBER 22

MULTI CYLINDER ENGINE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SLIDE NUMBER 23

 MULTI CYLINDER ENGINE

● The turning moment diagram for a three cylinder compound steam engine is
shown here.
● Here, three cylinders are such that the first cylinder is high pressure, second
cylinder is intermediate pressure and the third cylinder is of low pressure.
● The cranks in case of these cylinders are placed at 120 degrees to each other.
● Resultant TMD = sum of turning moment diagrams for the three cylinders

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SLIDE NUMBER 24

 FLUCTUATION OF ENERGY

● TMD for a single cylinder double acting steam engine.

● When crank moves from a to p,
○ Work done by engine = area aBp
○ Energy required = area aABp.
● Engine has done less work (area aAB) than the requirement.
● This amount of energy is taken from flywheel and hence speed of flywheel
decreases.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SLIDE NUMBER 25
 FLUCTUATION OF ENERGY
● From p to q,
○ Work done by engine = area pBbCq
○ Requirement of energy = area pBCq
● Engine has done more work than the
requirement.
● This excess work (area BbC) is stored in the flywheel and hence speed of
flywheel increases while crank moves from p to q.
● When crank moves from q to r, more work is taken from engine than is
developed.
● This loss of work = area CcD
● To supply this loss, flywheel gives up some of its energy and thus speed
decreases.
● Crank moves from q to r. As crank moves from r to s, excess energy is again
developed given by area DdE and speed again increases.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SLIDE NUMBER 26
 FLUCTUATION OF ENERGY
● As piston moves from s to e, again there
is a loss of work and speed decreases.
● Fluctuations of energy: variations of
energy above & below the mean resisting
torque line.
● Areas BbC, CcD, DdE, etc. represent fluctuations of energy.
● Engine has a maximum speed either at q or at s.

● This is due to the fact that the flywheel absorbs energy while crank moves from
p to q and from r to s.
● Engine has a minimum speed either at p or at r.
● Flywheel gives out some of its energy when crank moves from a to p and q to r.
● Maximum fluctuation of energy: difference between maximum & minimum
energies.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SLIDE NUMBER 27
 DETERMINATION OF MAXIMUM FLUCTUATION OF ENERGY

● TMD for a multi-cylinder engine

● Line AG: mean torque line
● a1, a3, a5 = areas above mean torque
line
● a2, a4, a6 = areas below mean torque
line
● Let energy in the flywheel at A = E
○ Energy at B = E + a1
○ Energy at C = E + a1– a2
○ Energy at D = E + a1 – a2 + a3
○ Energy at E = E + a1 – a2 + a3 – a4
○ Energy at F = E + a1 – a2 + a3 – a4 + a5
○ Energy at G = E + a1 – a2 + a3 – a4 + a5 – a6
= Energy at A (cycle repeats after G)
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SLIDE NUMBER 28
 DETERMINATION OF MAXIMUM FLUCTUATION OF ENERGY

● Suppose that the greatest of these energies is at B and least at E

● Max energy in flywheel = E + a1
● Min energy in flywheel = E + a1 – a2 + a3 – a4
● Max fluctuation of energy,
E = Max energy – Min energy = (E + a1) – (E + a1 – a2 + a3 – a4) = a2 – a3 + a4
● The different between the maximum and minimum kinetic energies of the
flywheel is known as the maximum fluctuation of energy.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SLIDE NUMBER 29
 COEFFICIENT OF FLUCTUATION OF ENERGY
● The ratio of this maximum fluctuation of
energy to the work done per cycle is define as
the coefficient fluctuation of energy.
Maximum fluctuation of energy
CE 
Work done per cycle
Work done per cycle = Tmean × θ
● θ = Angle turned in one revolution
● θ = 2π in case of steam engine and two stroke ICE
● θ = 4π in case of four stroke ICE

P  60
Work done per cycle 
n
n = Number of working strokes per minute,
= N, in case of steam engines and two stroke internal combustion engines,
= N /2, in case of four stroke internal combustion engines.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SLIDE NUMBER 30
 COEFFICIENT OF FLUCTUATION OF SPEED
The difference between the maximum and minimum speeds during a cycle is called
the maximum fluctuation of speed. The ratio of the maximum fluctuation of speed
to the mean speed is called the coefficient of fluctuation of speed.
N1 and N2 = Maximum and minimum speeds in rpm during the cycle.
N1  N 2
N = Mean speed in rpm 
2
N1  N 2 2N1  N 2 
Coefficient of fluctuation of speed CS  
N N1  N 2
1  2 21  2 
  In term of angular speed
 1  2
v  v2 2v1  v2 
 1  In term of linear speed
v v1  v2

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SLIDE NUMBER 31

 FLYWHEEL
● A flywheel serves as a reservoir
● It stores energy during the period when
supply of energy is more than the
requirement
● It releases it during the period when the
requirement of energy is more than the
supply.
● In case of steam engines, ICEs, reciprocating compressors and pumps, the
energy is developed during one stroke and the engine is to run for the whole
cycle on the energy produced during this one stroke.
● In ICE, energy is developed only during expansion or power stroke which is
much more than engine load and no energy is being developed during suction,
compression and exhaust strokes in case of four stroke engines and during
compression in case of two stroke engines.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SLIDE NUMBER 32
 FLYWHEEL
● The excess energy developed during power stroke is absorbed by the flywheel
and releases it to the crankshaft during other strokes in which no energy is
developed, thus rotating the crankshaft at a uniform speed.
● When the flywheel absorbs energy, its speed increases and when it releases
energy, the speed decreases.
● A flywheel does not maintain a constant speed.
● It reduces the fluctuation of speed.
● When a flywheel absorbs energy, its speed
increases and when it gives up energy, its
speed decreases.
○ m = Mass of flywheel
○ k = Radius of gyration of flywheel
○ I = Mass moment of inertia of flywheel
about its axis of rotation = m.k2.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SLIDE NUMBER 33
 FLYWHEEL
● Mean kinetic energy of the fly wheel
1 1
E   I . 2   m.k 2 . 2
2 2
The maximum fluctuation of energy,
ΔE = Maximum K.E. – Minimum K.E.

1
2
1
2
2 1
2

 I .1    I . 2    I 1   2 
2 2 2

1   2
  I 1   2 1  2   I . 1  2    1
2 2
   2 
 I . 2  1   I . .C S  m.k . .C S E  2.E.C S (in N  m or joules )
2 2 2

  
• Since ω = 2 π N/60, therefore equation may be written as
2N  2N1 2N 2  4 2
E  I . 1  2   I      I  N N1  N 2 
60  60 60  3600
2 2 N1  N 2
E   m.k .N N1  N 2  
2
 m.k 2 .N 2 .C S C S 
900 900 N
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SLIDE NUMBER 34
 Problem-3
The mass of flywheel of an engine is 6.5 tons and the radius of gyration is 1.8m. It is
found from the turning moment diagram that the fluctuation of energy is 56 kN-m.
If the mean speed of the engine is 120 rpm, find the maximum & minimum speeds.
 Given data:
m = 6500 N, k = 1.8 m, ΔE = 56 kN-m, N = 120 r.p.m.
To Find :-
The maximum & minimum speeds(N1 & N2)?
 2
fluctuation of energy E   m.k 2 .N N1  N 2 
900
2
56  10 3
 6500  1.82.120N1  N 2   N1  N 2  2.02rpm
900
N1  N 2
Mean speed (N)   N1  N 2  240rpm
2
Maximum speed(N1) = 121.01 r.p.m.,
and minimum speed(N2) = 118.99 r.p.m.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SLIDE NUMBER 35

 Problem-4
A horizontal cross compound steam engine develops 300 kW at 90 r.p.m. The
coefficient of fluctuation of energy as found from the turning moment diagram is
to be 0.1 and the fluctuation of speed is to be kept within ± 0.5% of the mean
speed. Find the weight of the flywheel required, if the radius of gyration is 2
metres.
 Given data:
P = 300 kW, N = 90 r.p.m., CE = 0.1, N1 – N2 = 0.01N, k = 2 m.
To Find :-
Weight of the flywheel(W)?
Maximum fluctuatio n of energy
Coefficient of Fluctuation of energy EC 
Work done per cycle
P  60 300  103  60
Work done per cycle    2  105 joule
n 90
For steam engine n = N
Maximum fluctuation of energy(ΔE) = Work done per cycle X CE
= 2 X 105 X 0.1 = 2 X 104 joule
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SLIDE NUMBER 36
 Problem-4
2
Maximum fluctuation of energy E    m.k 2 .N 2 .C S
900
N1  N 2
Coefficient of Fluctuation of speed C S   0.01
N
2 2
E   m.k 2 .N 2 .C S  2  10 4
 m  2  90 2  0.01
2

900 900
m  5629 kg

Weight of the flywheel(W) = m x g = 5629 x 9.81 = 55220 N

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SLIDE NUMBER 37

 Problem-5
The turning moment diagram for a petrol engine is drawn to the following scales:
Turning moment, 1 mm = 5 N.m; crank angle, 1 mm = 1°. The turning moment
diagram repeats itself at every half revolution of the engine and the areas above
and below the mean turning moment line taken in order are 295, 685, 40, 340,
960, 270 mm 2. The rotating parts are equivalent to a mass of 36kg at a radius of
gyration of 150mm. Determine the coefficient of fluctuation of speed when the
engine runs at 1800rpm.

 Given data:
m = 36 kg, k = 150 mm, N = 1800 rpm.
To Find :-
The coefficient of fluctuation of speed(CS)?
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SLIDE NUMBER 38
 Problem-5
The turning moment scale is 1 mm = 5 N-m and crank angle scale is 1 mm = 1° =
π/180 rad.
 
1 mm on turning moment diagram
2  5   N m
180 36
Let the total energy at A = E,
Energy at B = E + 295 (Maximum energy)
Energy at C = E + 295 – 685 = E – 390
Energy at D = E – 390 + 40 = E – 350
Energy at E = E – 350 – 340 = E – 690 (Minimum energy)
Energy at F = E – 690 + 960 = E + 270
Energy at G = E + 270 – 270 = E = Energy at A
Maximum fluctuation of energy,
Δ E = Maximum energy – Minimum energy = (E + 295) – (E – 690) = 985 mm2

 985   85.96 N  m  85.96 J
36
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SLIDE NUMBER 39
 Problem-5
2 2
Maximum fluctuation of energy E  m.k . .C S
2  N 2  1800
Angular velocity of the crank     188.5rad / s
60 60
E  m.k 2 . 2 .C S  85.96  36  0.152  188.52  C S
 CS  0.003 or 0.3%

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SLIDE NUMBER 40

 DIMENSIONS OF THE FLYWHEEL RIM
• D = Mean diameter of rim in metres,
• R = Mean radius of rim in metres,
• A = Cross-sectional area of rim in m 2,
• ρ = Density of rim material in kg/m 3,
• N = Speed of the flywheel in r.p.m.,
• ω = Angular velocity of the flywheel in rad/s,
• v = Linear velocity at the mean radius in m/s
= ω .R = π D.N/60, and
• σ = Tensile stress or hoop stress in N/m 2 due to the centrifugal force.
Volume of the small element = A × R.δθ
Mass of the small element(dm) = Density × volume = ρ.A.R.δθ
Centrifugal force on the element, acting radially outwards,
dF = dm.ω2.R = ρ.A.R 2.ω2.δθ
Vertical component of dF = dF.sin θ = ρ.A.R 2.ω2.δθ.sin θ

  . A.R .
2 2
 sin  .d  . A.R 2
. 2
 cos  0  2

 . A.R 2
. 2

0
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SLIDE NUMBER 41
 DIMENSIONS OF THE FLYWHEEL RIM
Total vertical upward force tending to burst the rim
across the diameter X Y.
  . A.R 2 . 2  sin  .d  . A.R 2 . 2  cos  0


 2  . A.R 2 . 2  2  . A.v 2
Tensile stress or hoop stress (also called centrifugal
stress or circumferential stress), and it is resisted by 2P.
2P = 2 σ. A => 2.ρ. A.R2.ω2 = 2σ. A
σ = ρ.R 2.ω2 = ρ.v2

v
 m
mass of the rim, m = Volume × density = π D.A.ρ  A
 .D.
• If the cross-section of the rim is a rectangular, then
A=b×t
where b = Width of the rim, and
t = Thickness of the rim.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SLIDE NUMBER 42
 Problem-6
The turning moment diagram for a multi-cylinder engine has been drawn to a scale
of 1 mm to 500 N-m torque and 1 mm to 6° of crank displacement. The intercepted
areas between output torque curve and mean resistance line taken in order from
one end, in sq. mm are
– 30, + 410, – 280, + 320, – 330, + 250, – 360, + 280, – 260 sq. mm, when the
engine is running at 800 r.p.m.
The engine has a stroke of 300 mm and the fluctuation of speed is not to exceed ±
2% of the mean speed. Determine a suitable diameter and cross-section of the
flywheel rim for a limiting value of the safe centrifugal stress of 7 MPa. The
material density may be assumed as 7200 kg/ m 3. The width of the rim is to be 5
times the thickness.
 Given data:
N = 800 r.p.m., 2r = 300 mm, ω1 – ω2= 0.04 ω, σ = 7 N/ mm 2, ρ = 7200 kg/ m 3, b = 5t.
To Find :-
Suitable diameter and cross-section of the flywheel rim(D, b & t)?

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SLIDE NUMBER 43

 Problem-6
The turning moment scale is 1 mm = 500 N-m and crank angle scale is 1 mm = 6° =
π/30 rad.

1 mm on turning moment diagram  500 
2  52.36 N  m
30
Let the total energy at A = E,
Energy at B = E – 30 (Minimum energy)
Energy at C = E – 30 + 410 = E + 380
Energy at D = E + 380 – 280 = E + 100
Energy at E = E + 100 + 320 = E + 420 (Maximum energy)
Energy at F = E + 420 – 330 = E + 90
Energy at G = E + 90 + 250 = E + 340
Energy at H = E + 340 – 360 = E – 20
Energy at K = E – 20 + 280 = E + 260
Energy at L = E + 260 – 260 = E = Energy at A
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SLIDE NUMBER 44
 Problem-6
Maximum fluctuation of energy,
Δ E = Maximum energy – Minimum energy = (E + 420) – (E – 30) = 450 mm2
 450  52.36  23562 N  m  23562 J
Diameter of the flywheel rim
 7  10 6
Peripheral velocity of the flywheel v     31.18m / s
 7200
v = π D.N/60
D = v × 60 / π N = 31.18 × 60/π × 800 = 0.744 m
Cross-section of the flywheel rim
Cross-sectional area of flywheel rim, A = b.t = 5 t × t = 5 t 2
maximum fluctuation of energy (ΔE),
23 562 = m.v 2.C S = m × (31.18) 2 × 0.04 = 38.89 m
m = 23562 / 39 = 605.9 kg

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SLIDE NUMBER 45

 Problem-6
Cross-section of the flywheel rim

mass of the flywheel rim (m),

605.9 = Volume × density = π D.A.ρ = π × 0.744 × 5t 2 × 7200 = 84 144 t 2

t 2 = 605.9 / 84 144 = 7.2 x 10 -3 m 2 or t = 0.08486 m = 84.86 mm.

and b = 5t = 5 × 84.86 = 424.3 mm

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SLIDE NUMBER 46

 Problem-7
A multi-cylinder engine is to run at a speed of 600 r.p.m. On drawing the turning
moment diagram to a scale of 1 mm = 250 N-m and 1 mm = 3°, the areas above
and below the mean torque line in mm 2 are :
+ 160, – 172, + 168, – 191, + 197, – 162
The speed is to be kept within ± 1% of the mean speed of the engine. Calculate the
necessary moment of inertia of the flywheel. Determine the suitable dimensions of
a rectangular flywheel rim if the breadth is twice its thickness. The density of the
cast iron is 7250 kg/m3 and its hoop stress is 6 MPa. Assume that the rim
contributes 92% of the flywheel effect.
 Given data:
N = 600 r.p.m., 2r = 300 mm, ω1 – ω2= 0.02 ω, σ = 6 N/ mm 2, ρ = 7250 kg/ m 3, b = 2t.
To Find :-
moment of inertia of the flywheel(I), Suitable diameter and cross-section of the
flywheel rim(D, b & t)?
The turning moment scale is 1 mm = 250 N-m and crank angle scale is 1 mm = 3° =
π/60 rad.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SLIDE NUMBER 47
 Problem-7

1 mm on turning moment diagram  250 
2  13.09 N  m
60
Let the total energy at A = E,
Energy at B = E + 160
Energy at C = E + 160 – 172 = E – 12
Energy at D = E – 12 + 168 = E + 156
Energy at E = E + 156 – 191 = E – 35 (Minimum energy)
Energy at F = E – 35 + 197 = E + 162 (Maximum energy)
Energy at G = E + 162 – 162 = E = Energy at A
Maximum fluctuation of energy,
Δ E = Maximum energy – Minimum energy = (E + 162) – (E – 35) = 197 mm2
 197  13.09  2578.7 N  m  2578.7 J
2  N 2  600
Angular velocity of the crank     62.83rad / s
60 60
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SLIDE NUMBER 48
 Problem-7
maximum fluctuation of energy (ΔE ),
2578.7 = I. ω2 . C S = I × (62.83)2 × 0.02 = 78.96 I
I = 2578.7 / 78.96 = 32.66 kg-m2
Diameter of the flywheel rim
 6  10 6
Peripheral velocity of the flywheel v     28.77 m / s
 7250
v = π D.N/60
D = v × 60 / π N = 28.77 × 60/π × 600 = 0.9157 m = 915.7 mm
Since the rim contributes 92% of the flywheel effect, therefore maximum
fluctuation of energy of rim, ΔE rim = 0.92 × ΔE = 0.92 × 2578.7 = 2372.43 N-m
Cross-section of the flywheel rim
Cross-sectional area of flywheel rim, A = b.t = 2 t × t = 2 t 2
maximum fluctuation of energy (ΔE),
2372.43 = m.v 2.C S = m × (28.77) 2 × 0.02 = 16.55 m
m = 2372.43 / 16.55 = 143.33 kg

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SLIDE NUMBER 49

 Problem-7
Cross-section of the flywheel rim

mass of the flywheel rim (m),

143.33 = Volume × density = π D.A.ρ = π × 0.9157 × 2t 2 × 7250 = 41713 t 2

t 2 = 143.33 / 41713 = 3.4362 x 10 -3 m 2 or t = 0.05862 m = 58.62 mm.

and b = 2t = 2 × 58.62 = 117.24 mm

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SLIDE NUMBER 50