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PYTHON PROGRAMMING
Introduction
You will use object-oriented programming (classes and inheritance) to
build a program to monitor news feeds over the Internet. Your
program will filter the news, alerting the user when it notices a news
story that matches that user's interests (for example, the user may be
interested in a notification whenever a story related to the Red Sox is
posted).

This problem set does not require many lines of code! We

recommend that the solutions you write for each problem stay under
about 15-20 lines of code (the solutions for some problems will be
much shorter than that). If you find yourself writing way more code
than that, you should come visit us at office hours to see how you can
simplify things. Here is the official Python tutorial on classes, sections
9.1-9.7 (except for 9.5.1) will be useful for this pset. Chapter 8 in the
textbook is also useful.

RSS Feed Filter

RSS Overview
News sites, such as Google News , have content that is updated on an
unpredictable schedule. One tedious way to keep track of this
changing content is to load the website up in your browser and
periodically hit the refresh button.

Fortunately, this process can be streamlined and automated by

connecting to the website's RSS feed, using an RSS feed reader
instead of a web browser. An RSS reader (e.g. Sage ) will
periodically collect and draw your attention to updated content.

RSS stands for " Really Simple Syndication." An RSS feed consists
of (periodically changing) data stored in an XML-format file
residing on a web-server. For this problem set, the details are
unimportant. You don't need to know what XML is, nor do you
need to know how to access these files over the network. We
have taken care of retrieving and parsing the XML file for you.

Data Structure Design

RSS Feed Structure: Google News

First, let's talk about one specific RSS feed: Google News. The URL
for the Google News feed is: http://news.google.com/?output=rss
If you try to load this URL in your browser, you'll probably see
your browser's interpretation of the XML code generated by the
feed. You can view the XML source with your browser's "View
Page Source" function, though it probably will not make much
sense to you. Abstractly, whenever you connect to the Google
News RSS feed, you receive a list of items . Each entry in this list
represents a single news item . In a Google News feed, every
entry has the following fields:

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●guid : A globally unique identifier for this news story.
●title : The news story's headline.
●description : A paragraph or so summarizing the news story.
●link : A link to a website with the entire story.
●pubDate : Date the news was published
●category : News category, such as “Top Stories”

Generalizing the Problem

This is a little trickier than we'd like it to be, because each of
these RSS feeds is structured a little bit differently than the
others. So, our goal is to come up with a unified, standard
representation that we'll use to store a news story. We want to
do this because we want an application that aggregates several
RSS feeds from various sources and can act on all of them in the
exact same way. We should be able to read news stories from
various RSS feeds all in one place.

Problem 1

Parsing (see below for a definition) all of this information from

the feeds that Google/Yahoo/etc. gives us is no small feat. So,
let's tackle an easy part of the problem first. Pretend that
someone has already done the specific parsing, and has left you
with variables that contain the following information for a news
story:

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●globally unique identifier (GUID) - a string
●title - a string
●description - a string
●link to more content - a string
●pubdate - a datetime

We want to store this information in an object that we can then

pass around in the rest of our program. Your task, in this
problem, is to write a class, NewsStory , starting with a
constructor that takes ( guid, title, description, link, pubdate ) as
argumentsand stores them appropriately. NewsStory also needs
to contain the following methods:

●get_guid(self)
●get_title(self)
●get_description(self)
●get_link(self)
●get_pubdate(self)

The solution to this problem should be relatively short and very

straightforward (please review what get methods should do if
you find yourself writing multiple lines of code for each). Once
you have implemented NewsStory all the NewsStory test cases
should work.

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Parsing the Feed
Parsing is the process of turning a data stream into a structured
format that is more convenient to work with. We have provided
you with code that will retrieve and parse the Google and Yahoo
news feeds.

Triggers
Given a set of news stories, your program will generate alerts for
a subset of those stories. Stories with alerts will be displayed to
the user, and the other stories will be silently discarded. We will
represent alerting rules as triggers . A trigger is a rule that is
evaluated over a single news story and may fire to generate an
alert. For example, a simple trigger could fire for every news story
whose title contained the phrase "Microsoft Office". Another
trigger may be set up to fire for all news stories where the
description contained the phrase "Boston". Finally, a more specific
trigger could be set up to fire only when a news story contained
both the phrases "Microsoft Office" and "Boston" in the
description.

In order to simplify our code, we will use object polymorphism.

We will define a trigger interface and then implement a number
of different classes that implement that trigger interface in
different ways.

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Trigger Interface
Each trigger class you define should implement the following
interface, either directly or transitively. It must implement the
evaluate method that takes a news item ( NewsStory object)as an
input and returns True if an alert should be generated for that
item. We will not directly use the implementation of the Trigger
class, which is why it raises an exception should anyone attempt
to use it.

The class below implements the Trigger interface (you will not
modify this). Any subclass that inherits from it will have an
evaluate method. By default, they will use the evaluate method
in Trigger, the superclass, unless they define their own evaluate
function, which would then beused instead. If some subclass
neglects to define its own evaluate() method, calls to it willgo to
Trigger.evaluate(), which fails (albeit cleanly) with the
NotImplementedError:

class Trigger(object):
def evaluate(self, story):
""“
Returns True if an alert should be generated
for the given news item, or False otherwise.
""“
raise NotImplementedError

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We will define a number of classes that inherit from Trigger. In the
figure below,
Trigger is asuperclass, from which all other classes inherit. The
arrow from PhraseTrigger to Triggermeans that PhraseTrigger
inherits from Trigger - a PhraseTriggeris a Trigger .Note that other
classes inherit from PhraseTrigger .

Phrase Triggers
Having a trigger that always fires isn't interesting; let's write
some that are interesting! A user may want to be alerted about
news items that contain specific phrases. For instance, a simple
trigger could fire for every news item whose title contains the
phrase "Microsoft Office". In the following problems, you will
create a phrase trigger abstract class and implement two classes
that implement this phrase trigger.

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A phrase is one or more words separated by a single space
between the words.
You may assume that a phrase does not contain any punctuation.
Here are some examples of valid phrases:
●'purple cow‘
●'PURPLE COW‘
●'mOoOoOoO‘
●'this is a phrase'

But these are NOT valid phrases:

● 'purple cow???' (contains punctuation)

●'purplecow' (contains multiple spaces between words)

Given some text, the trigger should fire only when each word in
the phrase is present in its entirety and appears consecutively in
the text, separated only by spaces or punctuation. The trigger
should not be case sensitive. For example, a phrase trigger with
the phrase "purple cow" should fire on the following text
snippets:
●'PURPLE COW‘
●'The purple cow is soft and cuddly.‘
●'The farmer owns a really PURPLE cow.‘
●'Purple!!! Cow!!!‘
●'purple@#$%cow‘
●'Did you see a purple cow?'

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But it should not fire on these text snippets:
●'Purple cows are cool!‘
●'The purple blob over there is a cow.‘
●'How now brown cow.‘
●'Cow!!! Purple!!!‘
●'purplecowpurplecowpurplecow'

Dealing with exclamation marks and other punctuation that

appear in the middle of the phrase is a little tricky. For the
purpose of your parsing, pretend that a space or any character in
string.punctuation is a word separator. If you've never seen
string.punctuationbefore, go to the Python shell and type:
>>> import string
>>> print string.punctuation

Play around with this a bit to get comfortable with what it is. The
split
,methods of strings will almost certainly be helpful as you tackle
this part.

You may also find the string methods lower and/or upper useful
for this problem., replace , join

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Problem 2
Implement a phrase trigger abstract class, PhraseTrigger . It
should take in a string phraseas an argument to the class's
constructor. This trigger should not be case-sensitive (it should
treat "Intel" and "intel" as being equal).

PhraseTrigger should be a subclass of Trigger . It has one new

method,is_phrase_in , which takes in one string argument text. It
returns True if the whole phrasephrase is present in text, False
otherwise, as described in the above examples. Thismethod
should not be case-sensitive. Implement this method.

Because this is an abstract class, we will not be directly

instantiating any PhraseTriggers .PhraseTrigger should inherit its
evaluate method from Trigger . We do this because nowwe can
create subclasses of PhraseTrigger that use its is phrase_in
function.

You are now ready to implement PhraseTrigger 's two subclasses:

Title Trigger and DescriptionTrigger .

Problem 3

Implement a phrase trigger subclass, TitleTrigger that fires when

a news item's titlecontains a given phrase. For example, an
instance of this type of trigger could be used to generate an alert
whenever the phrase "Intel processors" occurred in the title of
anews item.
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As it was in PhaseTrigger , the phrase should be an argument to
the class's constructor,
and the trigger should not be case-sensitive.

Think carefully about what methods should be defined in

TitleTrigger and whatmethods should be inherited from the
superclass. Once you've implemented TitleTrigger , the
TitleTrigger unit tests in our test suite should pass. Remember
thatall subclasses that inherit from the Trigger interface should
include a working evaluatemethod.

If you find that you're not passing the unit tests, keep in mind
that FAIL means your code runs but produces the wrong answer,
whereas ERROR means that your code crashes due to some error.

Problem 4

Implement a phrase trigger subclass, DescriptionTrigger , that

fires when a news item'sdescription contains a given phrase. As it
was in PhaseTrigger , the phrase should bean argument to the
class's constructor, and the trigger should not be case-sensitive.
Once you've implemented DescriptionTrigger , the
DescriptionTrigger unit tests inour test suite should pass.

Time Triggers

Let’s move on from PhraseTrigger. Now we want to have triggers

that is based on whenthe NewsStory was published, not on its
news content.

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Please check the earlier diagram ifyou’re confused about the
inheritance structure
of the Triggers in this problem set.

Problem 5

Implement a time trigger abstract class, TimeTrigger , that is a

subclass of Trigger . The class's constructor should take in time in
EST as a string in the format of "3 Oct 2016 17:00:10 ". Make
sure to convert time from string to a datetime before saving it as
an attribute. Some of datetime ’s methods, strptime
, might come in handy. You can also look at the provided code in
process to check. You do not have to implement any other
methods.

Because this is an abstract class, we will not be directly

instantiating any TimeTrigger .and replace , along with an
explanation of the string format for time

Problem 6

Implement BeforeTrigger and AfterTrigger , two subclasses of

TimeTrigger .BeforeTrigger fires when a story is published strictly
before the trigger’s time, andAfterTrigger fires when a story is
published strictly after the trigger’s time. Theirevaluate should
not take more than a couple of lines of code.
Once you've implemented BeforeTrigger and AfterTrigger ,
theBeforeAndAfterTrigger unit tests in our test suite should pass.

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Composite Triggers
So the triggers above are mildly interesting, but we want to do
better: we want to 'compose' the earlier triggers to set up more
powerful alert rules. For instance, we may want to raise an alert
only when both "google glass" and "stock" were present in the
news item (an idea wecan't express with just phrase triggers).

Note that these triggers are not phrase triggers and should not
be subclasses of PhraseTrigger . Again, please refer back to the
earlier diagram if you’re confused about theinheritance structure
of Trigger.

Problem 7

Implement a NOT trigger ( NotTrigger ).

This trigger should produce its output by inverting the output of
another trigger. The NOT trigger should take this other trigger as
an argument to its constructor (why its constructor? Because we
can't change what parameters evaluate takes in...that'd break our
polymorphism). So, given a trigger T and a news item x , the
output of the NOT trigger'sevaluate method should be equivalent
to not T.evaluate(x) .

When this is done, the NotTrigger unit tests should pass.

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Problem 8

Implement an AND trigger ( AndTrigger ).

This trigger should take two triggers as arguments to its
constructor, and should fire on a news story only if both of the
inputted triggers would fire on that item.
When this is done, the AndTrigger unit tests should pass.

Problem 9

Implement an OR trigger ( OrTrigger ).This trigger should take

two triggers as arguments to its constructor, and should fire if
either one (or both) of its inputted triggers would fire on that
item. When this is done, the OrTrigger unit tests should pass.

Filtering
At this point, you can run ps5.py, and it will fetch and display
Google and Yahoo news items for in a pop-up window. How
many news items? All of them.

Right now, the code we've given you in ps5.py gets the news
from both feeds every minute and displays the result. This is
nice, but, remember, the goal here was to filter out only the the
stories we wanted.

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Problem 10

Write a function, filter_stories(stories, triggerlist) that takes in a

list of newsstories and a list of triggers, and returns a list of only
the stories for which a trigger fires.

After completing Problem 10, you can try running ps5.py, and
various RSS news items should pop up, filtered by some hard-
coded triggers defined for you in code near the bottom. You may
need to change these triggers to reflect what is currently in the
news. The code runs an infinite loop, checking the RSS feeds for
new stories every 120 seconds.

User-Specified Triggers
Right now, your triggers are specified in your Python code, and to
change them, you have to edit your program. This is very user-
unfriendly. (Imagine if you had to edit the source code of your web
browser every time you wanted to add a bookmark!)
Instead, we want you to read your trigger configuration from a
triggers.txt file every timeyour application starts and use the
triggers specified there.
Consider the following example configuration file:
// description trigger named t1t
1,DESCRIPTION,Presidential Election
// title trigger named t2
t2,TITLE,Hillary Clinton

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// description trigger named t3
t3,DESCRIPTION,Donald Trump

// composite trigger named t4

t4,AND,t2,t3

// the trigger list contains t1 and t4

ADD,t1,t4

The example file specifies that four triggers should be created, and
that two of those triggers should be added to the trigger list:
●A trigger that fires when the description contains the phrase
'PresidentialElection' ( t1).
●A trigger that fires when the title contains the description Donald
Trump and the titlecontains the phrase Hillary Clinton ( t4 ).
The two other triggers ( t2 and t3 ) are created but not added to the
trigger list directly. They areused as arguments for the composite
AND trigger's definition ( t4 ).
Each line in this file does one of the following:
●is blank
●is a comment (begins with // with no spaces preceding the // )
●defines a named trigger
●adds triggers to the trigger list

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Each type of line is described below.

Blank: blank lines are ignored. A line that consists only of

whitespace is a blank line.

Comments: Any line that begins with // is ignored.

Trigger definitions: Lines that do not begin with the keyword

ADD define named triggers. Elements in these lines are
separated by commas . The first element in a trigger definition is
either the keyword ADD or the name of the trigger. The name
can be any combination of letters/numbers, but it cannot be the
word "ADD". The second element of a trigger definition is a
keyword (e.g., TITLE, AND, etc.) that specifies the type of trigger
being defined. The remaining elements of the definition are the
trigger arguments. What arguments are required depends on the
trigger type:

● TITLE : one phrase

● DESCRIPTION : one phrase
● AFTER : one correctly formatted time string
● BEFORE : one correctly formatted time string
● NOT : the name of the trigger that will be NOT'd
● AND : the names of the two triggers that will be AND'd.
● OR : the names of the two triggers that will be OR'd.

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Trigger addition: A trigger definition should create a
trigger and associate it with a name but should NOT
automatically add that trigger to the trigger list. One or
more ADD lines in the trigger configuration file will specify which
triggers should be in the trigger list. An ADD line begins with the
ADD keyword. The elements following ADD are the names of one
or more previously defined triggers. The elements in these lines
are also separated by commas. These triggers will be added to the
the trigger list.
Problem 11
Finish implementing read_trigger_config(filename) . We've
written code to open thefile and throw away all blank lines and
comments. Your job is to finish the implementation.
read_trigger_config should return a list of triggers specified by the
configuration file.
Hint: Feel free to define a helper function if you wish! Using a
helper function is not required though.
Hint: You will probably find it helpful to use a dictionary where
the keys are trigger names.
Once that's done, modify the code within the function
main_thread to use the trigger list specified in your configuration
file, instead of the one we hard-coded for you:
# TODO: Problem 11
# After implementing read_trigger_config, uncomment this line:
# triggerlist = read_trigger_config('triggers.txt')
After completing Problem 11, you can try running ps5.py , and
depending on yourtriggers.txt file, various RSS news items should
pop up. The code runs an infinite loop,checking the RSS feed for
new stories every 120 seconds.
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Hint: If no stories are popping up, open up triggers.txt and change
the triggers to
onesthat reflect current events (if you don't keep up with the
news, just pick some triggers that would fire on the current
Google News stories).

Problem 12

Think about the presidential debate coming up on October 19th ,

and write debate_triggers.txt so that you can get news that is
published within the +/- 3 hourwindow of the debate!

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