GROUP I

AJMAL SHAN

ALMAS SHOWKATALI

AMANA FATHIMA
MODULE III

ASHIRA P

ATHUL MOHAN
MASONRY
BHAVANA JOHN

DIYANA HASAD ALI

FAMEEL C
CONTENTS
 Brick Paving
 Composite Masonry
 Types of composite masonry
 Reinforced brick masonry
 Cavity wall
 Arches
 Types of arches
 Parts of arch
 Arches and lintels in brick
 Mortar
 Lime mortar
 Cement mortar
 Gauged mortar
 Plastering
CONTENTS
 Objective of plastering
 Types of plastering
 Methods of plastering
 Objective of plastering
 Brick masonry for foundation, plinth, and wall
 Types of masonry foundation
 Masonry strip foundation
 Stepped masonry footing
 Masonry spread footing
 Inverted arch masonry foundation
 Load bearing masonry walls
 Reinforced masonry walls
CONTENTS
 Hollow masonry walls
 Composite masonry wallls
 Post tensioned masonry walls
 Coping
 Types of coping
 Steps
 Different types of steps
BRICK PAVING
 Brick paving is a commonly used decorative method of creating a pavement or
hardstanding. The main benefit of bricks over other materials is that individual
bricks can later be lifted up and replaced. This allows for remedial work to be
carried out under the surface of the paving without leaving a lasting mark once
the paving bricks have been replaced. Typical areas of use would be for
 driveways  pavement
 patios
 Town centres

 Pedestrian precincts  Road surfacing

 Bricks are typically made of concrete or clay, though other
composite materials are also used. Each has its own means of
construction. The biggest difference is the way they set hard ready
for use. A clay brick has to be fired in a kiln to bake the brick hard.
 A concrete brick has to be allowed to set. The concrete paving
bricks are a porous form of brick formed by mixing small stone
hardcode, dyes, cement and sand and other materials in various
amounts. Many block paving manufacturing methods are now
allowing the use of recycled materials in the construction of the
paving bricks such as crushed glass and crushed old building rubble
Common Block Paving Patterns
 There are many different laying patterns that can be achieved using block
paving. The most common of these is the herringbone pattern. This
pattern is the strongest of the block paving bonds as it offers the most
interlock, therefore making it a good choice for driveways and road
surfacing. A herringbone pattern can be created by setting the blocks at
either 45 degrees or 90 degrees to the perpendicular. Other popular types
of pattern include stretcher bond and basket weave; with the latter being
better suited to paved areas that will only receive light foot traffic, due to
its weaker bond.

Parallel to boundary 45° rotated

 COMPOSITE MASONRY
• Composite masonry is the one that is constructed out of two or
more types of building units or of different types of building materials.

When walls are constructed with two or more types of building

materials it is termed as composite masonry.

It makes use of locally available materials to obtain optimum economy.

The composite masonry may be adopted due to two

reasons:

i) Improvement in the appearance of walls, etc.,

ii) Use of available materials, to obtain optimum
economy.
TYPES OF COMPOSITE MASONRY

Type of Composite Masonry may be of the following types:

 Stone-Composite Masonry.
 Brick Stone Composite Masonry.
 Brick-Backed Ashlar Masonry.
 Brick-Backed Stone Slab Masonry.
 Brick-Backed Brick Masonry.
 Cement Concrete Masonry.
 Hollow Clay Tile Masonry.
 Reinforced Brick Masonry.
 Glass Block Masonry.
REINFORCED BRICK MASONRY
 Reinforced brick masonry is brickwork
which is strengthened by using mild steel
iron mesh or bars.
 The property of reinforced brick
masonry is that it is capable of resisting
compressive shear stress as well as
tensile shear stres
 Consists of brick masonry which has Steel
reinforcement embedded in the mortar.
 Reinforced brick masonry has the
property of resistance to the lateral
forces.
 The reinforced brick masonry is widely
used in the seismic areas due to its
resistance to the lateral forces.

• The applications of
reinforced brick
masonry range from the
retaining walls to
exterior cladding. The
added tensile strength
of the reinforcing steel
opens the possibility for
prefabricated brick
panels

Reinforced Brick masonry

have higher ductility and
stiffness as compared to
normal masonry.
• This method of design
and construction is
utilized frequently to
achieve unusual shapes
and bold patterns in
Brick masonry.
 CAVITY WALL
• Cavity wall is a type of wall that
has a hollow center.

• They can be described as

consisting of two “skins”
separated by a hollow space. The
skins typically are masonry, such
as brick or cinder block.

• Masonry is an absorbent material

that can slowly draw rainwater or
even humidity into the wall.
• Cavity walling was first
introduced to domestic
buildings in the 1920s
replacing traditional solid
walls.

• This type of wall is designed

and constructed as a means
of preventing heat loss and
also moisture penetrating to
the internal face of the wall
Advantages:
1. There is no direct contact between the inner and outer leaves of
the wall (except at the wall
tires). Hence the external moisture (dampness) cannot travel inside the
building.
2. Cavity between the two leaves is full of air which is bad conductor of
heat. Hence transmission of heat from external face to the inside
the room is very much reduced. Cavity walls have about 25% greater
insulating value than the solid walls.
3.Cavity walls also offer good insulation against sound.
The nuisance of efflorescence is also very much reduced.
5. They are cheaper and economical.
6. Loads on foundations are reduced because of lesser solid
thickness.
ARCHES
 An arch is a vertical curved structure that spans an elevated space and
may or may not support the weight above it.

• Arches are compressive structures, that is,

there are no tensile stresses.
• They are self-supporting, stabilised by the
force of gravity acting on their weight to
hold them in compression.
• This makes them very stable and efficient,
capable of larger spans, and supporting
greater loads than horizontal beams.
TYPES OF ARCHES
PARTS OF ARCH
1. Keystone
2. Voussoir
3. Extrados
4. Impost
5. Intrados
6. Rise
7. Clear span
8. Abutment
Arches and lintels in brick
•what is the purpose of arch and lintels ?

 LINTELST
The simplest way to support the brickwork above an opening is to
use a lintel – a horizontal structural member. Stone and wood were
commonly used for this purpose in the past. Stone, being relatively
weak in tension, could only be used over narrow spans. However,
this problem could be overcome by dividing wider windows into a
number of ‘lights’ separated by stone posts or ‘mullions’.
 ARCHES
Brick masonry arches are construct
ed in two different ways
 tapered or wedge-shaped brick.(tapered in appropriate manner
to obtain mortar joints of uniform thickness along the arch depth)
 uncut, rectangular brick
 How do brick arches work?
An arch is composed of small elements such as bricks bonded in
mortar. It works by transferring the load sideways and
downwards, from the key stone at the centre to the jambs of the
walls below.
 There are essentially two forms of arch construction:
'segmental' and 'rough’.
 In most modern brick buildings, brickwork is supported across
the openings in exterior walls by either reinforced concrete,
reinforced brickwork or a steel lintel discreetly hidden by a
skin of brickwork.
 Often the head of the opening is not expressed in any way,
and even in traditionally-inspired architecture, brick arches
are often facings applied across a cunningly designed lintel.
MORTAR
The term mortar is used to indicate a paste prepared by adding a required
quantity of water to a mixture of binding material like cement or lime and fine
aggregate like sand. This is used to bond masonry or other structural units.  

Based on the type of the cementing material used in its preparation 3 common
types of mortars are:
 Lime mortars
 Cement mortars
 Gauged mortars
 LIME MORTAR
Lime mortars are defined as mixes of lime with fine sand and/or pozzolanic materials like surkhi, pumice, ash and
cinder in water.

 Lime:
All types of lime can be used for making mortars, although all lime mortars cannot be used for different situations.
The fat lime is suitable only for limited purposes like jointing and light loaded masonry work whereas hydraulic
lime is more useful in other situations.
It is essential that the lime to be used be free from impurities like silica,iron oxide and, especially, gypsum.
 Sand: 
The sand for making a strong and durable mortar must be clean and sharp grained. The recommended fineness
modulus of sand for mortar is 2.00–3.00.   
Sand is added to the lime for at least two purposes:
i. To avoid shrinkage and cracking of mortar on hardening, because lime used alone shrinks and cracks on
hardening.
ii.To increase the bulk of the mortar;  this is essential to make it more economical. 
 Pozzolanic materials: 
These include a variety of lightweight materials like surkhi, cinder, pumice and ash, which have
been found to increase the strength of mortars when used in place of sand or even along with sand. 
 Water: 
The water must be essentially free from alkalies, acids and organic residues. 

 Sometimes, cement is also added in small quantities to lime mortars to enhance the strength and
setting properties of mortar.
 Depending on the type of the aggregate used, lime mortars are further distinguished into lime–sand
mortars,  lime–surkhi mortars,  lime–sand–surkhi mortars and so on. 

MIXING OF THE RAW MATERIALS

 Manual mixing
 Mortar mill mixing

HARDENING OF LIME MORTARS

Mortars made of fat lime or hydrated lime hardens by a simple process of crystallization
preceded by a loss of water due to evaporation.
PROPORTIONING
CEMENT MORTAR
The most common type of mortars of the present day generally consists of
mixtures of cement with sand in the presence of suitable quantity of water

PREPARATION

The preparation of cement mortar involves selection of raw materials,  their

proportioning and thorough mixing. Among the materials, cement, sand and water
are the essential ingredients. 
 Cement used must be in perfectly undamaged and undeteriorated condition.
 Sand must be free from impurities like oxides of iron,  clay and mica and must
be thoroughly cleaned.
The functions of sand in the mortar include increasing the bulk of the mortar,
providing resistance against shrinkage and cracking on the setting of cement and
also making the mortar more strong.        
 Water
PROPORTIONING

MIXING OF INGREDIENTS
 manual mixing for small jobs
 mortar mill mixing for large scale construction
GAUGED MORTAR
These mortars contain both cement and lime as the essential ingredients
besides the fine aggregate, which is generally sand.

 The addition of cement to lime mortar improves considerably the quality of

mortar, especially in respect of its workability, time of setting, hardening and ultimate
strength.   
 Since the gauged mortars consist of cement as one of the essential ingredients,  it is
important that such mortars be consumed within 2 hours of their preparation to avoid
any deterioration in quality.
 Plastering
Plaster is a building material used for the
protective or decorative coating of walls
and ceilings and for moulding and casting
decorative elements. In English, "plaster"
usually means a material used for the
interiors of buildings, while "render"
commonly refers to external applications.
Types of Plaster
 The most common types of plaster mainly
contain either gypsum, lime, or cement, but all
work in a similar way. The plaster is
manufactured as a dry powder and is mixed with
water to form a stiff but workable paste
immediately before it is applied to the surface.
The reaction with water liberates heat
through crystallization and the hydrated plaster
then hardens.
METHODS OF PLASTERING
 The plaster may be applied in one or more coats, but the
thickness of a single coat should not exceed
 12 mm. In the case of inferior or cheaper type of construction, the
plaster may usually be one coat. For
 ordinary type of construction, the plaster is usually applied in two
coats, whereas for superior type of works
 it is applied in three coats. Th e fi nal setting coat should not be
applied until the previous coat is almost dry.
 Th e previous surface should be scratched or roughened before
applying the next coat of plaster. In plaster-
 ing, the plaster mix is either applied by throwing it with great
force against the walls or by pressing it on
 the surface.
OBJECTIVE OF PLASTERING
 To provide an even, smooth, regular, clean
and durable fi nished surface with improved
appearance.
 To conceal defective workmanship.
 To preserve and protect the surface.
 To provide a base for the decorative finish.
 To cover up the use of inferior quality and
porous materials of the masonry work.
BRICK MASONRY FOR FOUNDATION
PLINTH AND WALL
 Masonry foundation may be constructed from concrete block or brick masonry
units. The concrete block masonry foundation is commonly used as it is cost
effective and its unattractive appearance would not be visible.
 The masonry foundation should be able to adequately support weight of the
structure and lateral loads imposed by soil adjacent to foundations. It should be
sufficiently durable to withstand aggressions from soil and ground water.
Types of Masonry Foundations

 Masonry strip foundation

 Masonry spread (isolated) footing
 Stepped masonry footing
 Masonry inverted arch foundation
Masonry Strip Foundation

 This type of masonry foundation is suitable for the location where the quality of
soil material is good and acceptable.
 The foundation is considerably wide at the bottom and the width would be
decreased gradually up to a specific level. This will help in uniform distribution
of large area and prevent cracks or damages of foundation at edge of the wall.
Stepped Masonry Footing

 This type of masonry foundation is the same as strip footing (special type of
strip footing).
 Strip foundation tends to slide down on slopped grounds due to the action or
horizontal vector. Therefore, vertical steps are introduced to prevent the action
of horizontal vector and subsequent sliding of foundation.
 The use of vertical steps would provide horizontal bearing for the foundation
and horizontal vector action would be overcome and eventually satisfactory
stability would be realized.
Masonry Spread (Isolated) Footing

 Masonry spread footing is constructed from good quality bricks or stone. The
bottom of isolated footing is considerably wide compared with load bearing
masonry wall above.
 This wider portion of spread foundation is provided to distribute applied load
on a large area and hence improve stability of the structure.
 Masonry spread footing is mostly used in the construction of residential
building that has basements.
Inverted Arch Masonry Foundation

 As can be observed from Figure, inverted arch masonry footing consist of an

inverted arch constructed from brick or stone masonry on which masonry wall
or pier is placed.
 This type of foundation is not common nowadays because the use of reinforced
concrete has replaced this type of footing.
 Inverted arch masonry footing used in the construction of multistory building,
and was appropriate to be built in soft soil material.
Types of Masonry Wall

 1. Load Bearing Masonry Walls

 2. Reinforced Masonry Walls
 3. Hollow Masonry Walls
 4. Composite Masonry Walls
 5. Post-tensioned Masonry Walls
Load Bearing Masonry Walls

 Load bearing masonry walls are constructed with bricks, stones or concrete
blocks.
 These walls directly transfer loads from the roof to the foundation.
 These walls can be exterior as well as interior walls.
 The construction system with load bearing walls are economical than the
system with framed structures.
 Reinforced Masonry Walls

 Reinforced masonry walls can be load bearing walls

or non-load bearing walls.
 The use of reinforcement in walls helps it to
withstand tension forces and heavy compressive
loads. The un-reinforced masonry walls are prone to
cracks and failure under heavy compressive loads and
during earthquakes. 
 Hollow Masonry Walls

 Hollow or Cavity masonry walls are used to

prevent moisture reaching the interior of the
building by providing hollow space between
outside and inside face of the wall.
 These walls also helps in temperature control
inside the building from outside wall as the
hollow s
Composite Masonry Walls

 These walls are constructed with two or more units

such as stones or bricks and hollow bricks.
 This type of masonry wall construction is done for
better appearance with economy.
Post-tensioned Masonry Walls

 Post-tensioned masonry walls are

constructed to strengthen the
masonry walls against the forces that
may induce tension in the wall such
as earthquake forces or wind forces.

These walls are constructed from the
foundation level and post-tensioning
rods are anchored into the
foundation. These rods are run
vertically between the wythes or in
the core of concrete masonry units.
Coping

 Coping (from cope, Latin capa) is the capping

or covering of a wall.
 A splayed or wedge coping is one that slopes
in a single direction; a saddle coping slopes
to either side of a central high point.
 Coping is commonly sloped or curved to help
divert water away from the building.
 They can be made from profiled metal such
as lead, aluminium, zinc, copper and plastic-
coated steel, or by using special bricks or
masonry.
Types of coping in
architecture
1. Saddle coping
2. Wedge coping
3. Flat coping
4. Decorative coping
Steps

 Staircases are one of the richest architectural

elements in terms of formal possibilities, one
of the most complex to solve geometrically,
and one of the most demanding at the
functional level.
 A stair is a set of steps leading from one floor
of a building to another, typically inside the
building.
 Staircases have traditionally been built of
wood, stone or marble, and iron or steel. The
use of steel and reinforced concrete has
made possible the daring curves and fantastic
sweeps that can be important features in
contemporary design.
Different types of steps

1. Straight
2. L-shaped (a.k.a. quarter-turn)
3. Winder
4. U-shaped (a.k.a. Half-turn)
5. Spiral
6. Curved
7. Bifurcated
8. Ladder
 THANK YOU
GROUP 1
• AJMAL SHAN P • ALMAS SHOWKATHALI • AMANA FATHIMA A • ASHIRA P • ATHUL MOHAN K P
• DIYANA HASAD ALI • FAMEEL ISMAIL •