Scribd
Upload
82 views23 pages

Constraints and DDL

This document discusses various types of constraints in MySQL like primary key, unique, not null, default, foreign key etc. It explains that constraints can be applied at the time of table creation or after table creation. It also provides examples of creating tables with different types of constraints and performing operations like inserting, updating, deleting records. It discusses how to create a table based on an existing table and how to alter the structure of an existing table.

Uploaded by

GAME DEV MONISH. R
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
82 views23 pages

Constraints and DDL

This document discusses various types of constraints in MySQL like primary key, unique, not null, default, foreign key etc. It explains that constraints can be applied at the time of table creation or after table creation. It also provides examples of creating tables with different types of constraints and performing operations like inserting, updating, deleting records. It discusses how to create a table based on an existing table and how to alter the structure of an existing table.

Uploaded by

GAME DEV MONISH. R
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 23

 A constraints refers to condition or limitation

we apply on any column so that only


correct information will be entered in table.
 MySQL allows to apply constraint by two
methods
 At the time of table
creation
 After table creation
 PRIMARY KEY : ensures unique value in any column
also forces data entry mandatory. Only one primary
key can be applied in one table
 UNIQUE : also allows unique value in any column
but it allows NULL values and can be applied to n
times
 NOT NULL : it will make data entry mandatory
for applied column i.e. NULL will not be allowed
 DEFAULT : it allows to specify any value which will
be automatically inserted in applied column if we
not specify applied column at the time of data
entry using INSERT
 CHECK : allows to specify range of values that can be
entered in applied column like salary must be greater
than 2000, marks must be greater than 0 or dept must
be in given list of values etc.
 Note: in mysql the database engine will ignore the
check
constraints.

 FOREIGN KEY: allows to establish relationship


between
2 tables. Foreign key column will be dependent on
PRIMARY KEY column of another table and allows to
enter only those values in foreign key whose
corresponding value exists in PRIMARY KEY
Now lets check PRIMARY KEY is working or not by
inserting
duplicate empno

Now lets check NOT NULL is working or not by


inserting
NULL value in name column

create table stud(admno int primary key, rollno varchar(20) not null,name
varchar(30) default 'ananthy',phno int unique,m1 int check (m1>50));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.27 sec)
Now let us check how DEFAULT constraint to use. (Remember to use
DEFAULT CONSTRAINT, The applied column name will not be used with
INSERT

Default value
‘Marketing’
is
automaticall
y inserted
Create another table to store training details
of employee as-
mysql> create table training(empno int,
trainingname varchar(20),startdate
date, enddate date, constraint myfkey
foreign key(empno) references
ABCLtd(empno));

create table training(admnum int,dob


date, constraint myfkey foreign
key(admnum) references
stud(admno));
Inserted
successfully
because matching
empno is in ABCLtd
Error, empno
3 not in
ABCLtd
Now Let us try to insert records in our training
table:
 Note: after foreign key is applied, we cannot delete any
record or update primary key value in master
table because its related records will be in foreign key
table

 2 main options available while applying foreign


key:
1. ON DELETE CASCADE : it means if any record from
master table is deleted its related records in foreign
key table will also be deleted
2. ON UPDATE CASCADE: it means if primary key value
in master table is changed then it will be automatically
reflected in foreign key table
 Column level constraint is With
column
given with column definition definition
Example: create table visitor(vid int primary
key, vname varchar(20));

 Table level constraints are given after all


column definition.
Example: create table visitor(vid int primary
key, vname varchar(20), primary key(vid));
 MySQL allows us to give names to constraints to
that when error occurs due to constraint violation
then this name will appears to help us in
identifying for which column this error occurs.

Example:mysql> create table training(empno


int, trainingname varchar(20),startdate date,
enddate date, constraint myfkey foreign
key(empno) references ABCLtd(empno));
 MySQL allows us to get the structure of table like
list of columns, data type, size and key information
of table using DESC / DESCRIBE command
 Example
 Python allows us to create either fresh table of table
based on existing table. Now we will see how we can
create table based on existing table like backup of a
table or copy of a table.
 Full Copy
 Create table XYZLtd as select * from ABCLtd;
 Selected Column copy
 Create table ABCCorp as select empno, name, salary
from ABCLtd;
 Selected Record Copy
 Create table ITTable as select * from ABCLtd where dept=‘IT’;
 ALTER TABLE command allows us to
perform the following operations:
 Adding new column in existing table
 Dropping existing column from table
 Modifying column definition in table
 Changing the name of column
 Adding or dropping constraint after
table creation.
After new column is added, if
you select record it will
display NULL in that column
for previous record, we have
to update it using UPDATE
command
ALTER TABLE ABCLtd drop
designation;
IN PLACE OF “FIRST” WE CAN ALSO
USE “AFTER COLUMN NAME”
FOR E.G. TO SET DEPTNO AFTER ENAME
ALTER TABLE EMP MODIFY DEPTNO
INT AFTER ENAME
In this way
we can
add any
constraint
While dropping Primary Key, if it is connected with child table, it will not gets
deleted By default, however if you want to drop it we have to issue following
commands
ALTER TABLE EMP DROP PRIMARY KEY
CASCADE
 DROP TABLE[IF EXISTS]
tablename
 Example
 Drop Table emp;
 Drop table if exists
emp;

You might also like