Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma

Chapter 5:
Transmission
Lines: Steady-
State Operation

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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma

Transmission Line Models

 Previous lectures have covered how to calculate the

distributed inductance, capacitance and resistance of
transmission lines.
 In this section we will use these distributed parameters
to develop the transmission line models used in power
system analysis.

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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma

Transmission Line Equivalent Circuit

 Our current model of a transmission line is shown below

Units on
z and y are
per unit
length!

For operation at frequency  , let z = r + j L

and y = g +jC (with g usually equal to 0)
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma

Derivation of V, I Relationships

We can then derive the following relationships:

dV  I z dx
dI  (V  dV ) y dx  V y dx
dV ( x ) dI ( x )
 zI  yV
dx dx
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma

Setting Up a Second Order Equation

dV ( x) dI ( x)
 zI  yV
dx dx
We can rewrite these two, first order differential
equations as a single second order equation
d 2V ( x ) dI ( x )
2
z  zyV
dx dx
d 2V ( x )
2
 zyV  0
dx

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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma

V, I Relationships, cont’d
Define the propagation constant  as
  yz    j 
where
  the attenuation constant
  the phase constant

Use the Laplace Transform to solve. System

has a characteristic equation
( s 2   2 )  ( s   )( s   )  0
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma

Equation for Voltage

The general equation for V is
V ( x)  k1e x  k2e  x
Which can be rewritten as
e x  e  x e x  e  x
V ( x)  (k1  k2 )( )  (k1  k2 )( )
2 2
Let K1  k1  k2 and K 2  k1  k2 . Then
e x  e  x e x  e  x
V ( x)  K1 ( )  K2 ( )
2 2
 K1 cosh( x)  K 2 sinh( x)
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma

Real Hyperbolic Functions

 For real x the cosh and sinh functions have the following
forms:

d cosh( x) d sinh( x)
  sinh( x)   cosh( x)
dx dx
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma

Complex Hyperbolic Functions

 For x =  + j the cosh and sinh functions have the

following forms:
cosh x  cosh  cos   j sinh  sin 
sinh x  sinh  cos   j cosh  sin 

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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma

Determining Line Voltage

The voltage along the line is determined based upon
the current/voltage relationships at the terminals.
Assuming we know V and I at one end (say the
"receiving end" with VR and I R where x  0) we can
determine the constants K1 and K 2 , and hence the
voltage at any point on the line.

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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma

Determining Line Voltage, cont’d

V ( x)  K1 cosh( x )  K 2 sinh( x)
V (0)  VR  K1 cosh(0)  K 2 sinh(0)
Since cosh(0)  1 & sinh(0)  0  K1  VR
dV ( x )
 zI  K1 sinh( x )  K 2 cosh( x)
dx
zI R IR z z
 K2    IR
 yz y
V ( x)  VR cosh( x )  I R Z c sinh( x)
z
where Zc   characteristic impedance
y
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma

Determining Line Current

By similar reasoning we can determine I(x)
VR
I ( x)  I R cosh( x)  sinh( x)
Zc
where x is the distance along the line from the
receiving end.
Pout
Define transmission efficiency as  
Pin

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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma

Transmission Line Example

Assume we have a 765 kV transmission line with
a receiving end voltage of 765 kV (line to line),
a receiving end power SR  2000  j1000 MVA and
z = 0.0201 + j0.535 = 0.53587.8 
mile
y = j 7.75  106 = 7.75  10 6 90.0 
mile
Then
  zy  2.036 88.9/mile
z
c   262.7 -1.1 
y
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma

Transmission Line Example, cont’d

Do per phase analysis, using single phase power
and line to neutral voltages. Then
VR  765  441.70 kV
3
 (2000  j1000)  10 6 *
IR   3 
 1688  26.6 A
 3  441.70  10 
V ( x)  VR cosh( x )  I R Z c sinh( x)
 441, 7000 cosh( x  2.03688.9) 
443, 440  27.7  sinh( x  2.03688.9)
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma

Transmission Line Example, cont’d

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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma

Lossless Transmission Lines

For a lossless line the characteristic impedance, Zc ,
is known as the surge impedance.
jwl l
Zc    (a real value)
jwc c
If a lossless line is terminated in impedance
VR
Zc 
IR
Then I R Z c  VR so we get...

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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma

Lossless Transmission Lines

V ( x)  VR cosh  x  VR sinh  x
I ( x)  I R cosh  x  I R sinh  x
V ( x)
 Zc
I ( x)
2
V(x)
Define as the surge impedance load (SIL).
Zc
Since the line is lossless this implies
V ( x)  VR If P > SIL then line consumes
I ( x)  I R vars; otherwise line generates vars.
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma

Transmission Matrix Model

 Oftentimes we’re only interested in the terminal
characteristics of the transmission line. Therefore we can
model it as a “black box.”

IS IR
+ Transmission +
VS Line VR
- -

 VS   A B  VR 
With      I 
I
 S  C D  R
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma

Transmission Matrix Model, cont’d

 VS   A B  VR 
With      I 
I
 S  C D  R
Use voltage/current relationships to solve for A,B,C,D
VS  VR cosh  l  Z c I R sinh  l
VR
I S  I R cosh  l  sinh  l
Zc
 cosh  l Z c sinh  l 
A B 1 
T    
 C D   sinh  l cosh  l 
 Z c 
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma

Equivalent Circuit Model

The common representation is the  equivalent circuit

Next we’ll use the T matrix values to derive the

parameters Z' and Y'.

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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma

Equivalent Circuit Parameters

VS  VR Y'
 VR  IR
Z' 2
 Z 'Y ' 
VS  1   VR  Z ' I R
 2 
Y' Y'
I S  VS  VR  I R
2 2
 Z 'Y '   Z 'Y ' 
I S  Y ' 1   VR  1   IR
 4   2 
 1  Z 'Y ' Z ' 
VS   2  VR 
I     Z ' Y '  1  Z ' Y '
 
  I R 
 S Y ' 1 
    
4   2  
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma

Equivalent Circuit Parameters

We now need to solve for Z' and Y'. Using the B
element solving for Z' is straightforward
B  ZC sinh  l  Z '
Then using A we can solve for Y'
Z 'Y '
A = cosh l  1 
2
Y' cosh  l  1 1 l
  tanh
2 Z c sinh  l Z c 2

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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma

Simplified Parameters
These values can be simplified as follows:
zl z
Z '  Z C sinh  l  sinh  l
yl z
sinh  l
Z with Z  zl (recalling   zy )
l
Y' 1 l yl y l
 tanh  tanh
2 Zc 2 zl y 2
tanh l
Y 2
 with Y  yl
2 l
2
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma

Simplified Parameters
For short lines make the following approximations:
sinh  l
Z'  Z (assumes  1)
l
Y' Y tanh( l / 2)
 (assumes  1)
2 2 l /2
sinhγl tanh(γl/2)
Length
γl γl/2
50 miles 0.9980.02 1.001  0.01
100 miles 0.9930.09 1.004  0.04
200 miles 0.9720.35 1.014  0.18
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma

Medium Length Line Approximations

For shorter lines we make the following approximations:
sinh  l
Z'  Z (assumes  1)
l
Y' Y tanh( l / 2)
 (assumes  1)
2 2 l/2
sinhγl tanh(γl/2)
Length
γl γl/2
50 miles 0.9980.02 1.001  0.01
100 miles 0.9930.09 1.004  0.04
200 miles 0.9720.35 1.014  0.18
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma

Three Line Models

Long Line Model (longer than 200 miles)
tanh  l
sinh  l Y ' Y 2
use Z '  Z , 
l 2 2 l
2
Medium Line Model (between 50 and 200 miles)
Y
use Z and
2
Short Line Model (less than 50 miles)
use Z (i.e., assume Y is zero)

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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma

Power Transfer in Short Lines

 Often we’d like to know the maximum power that could
be transferred through a short transmission line
I1 I1
+ Transmission +
V1 S12 Line with S21 V2
- Impedance Z -
*
*  V1  V2 
S12  V1I1  V1  
 Z 
with V1  V1 1 , V2  V2  2 Z  Z  Z
2
V1 V1 V2
S12   Z   Z  12
Z Z
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma

Power Transfer in Lossless Lines

If we assume a line is lossless with impedance jX and
are just interested in real power transfer then:
2
V1 V1 V2
P12  jQ12  90  90  12
Z Z
Since - cos(90  12 )  sin 12 , we get
V1 V2
P12  sin 12
X
Hence the maximum power transfer is
V1 V2
P12Max 
X
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma

Limits Affecting Max. Power Transfer

 Thermal limits
– limit is due to heating of conductor and hence depends
heavily on ambient conditions.
– For many lines, sagging is the limiting constraint.
– Newer conductors can limit sag. For example, in 2004
ORNL working with 3M announced lines with a core
consisting of ceramic Nextel fibers. These lines can
operate at 200°C.
– Trees grow, and will eventually hit lines if they are
planted under the line.

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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma

Other Limits Affecting Power Transfer

 Angle limits
– while the maximum power transfer occurs when line
angle difference is 90°, actual limit is substantially
less due to multiple lines in the system
 Voltage stability limits
– as power transfers increase, reactive losses increase
as I2X. As reactive power increases the voltage falls,
resulting in a potentially cascading voltage collapse.

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