ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION

UNIT 5

ARUNA, JENIFER MONICA,

RAEES HAROON, SAFEER
CHARACTER AND ISSUES OF
HISTORIC CITIES
The development of the planning ideas applied to
historic urban areas extends back to the nineteenth
century. Yet despite a long and rich development,
many of the most thoughtful concepts regarding
planning in historic cities have yet to be fully
embraced.
Urban conservation was born out of disorientation and
dismay. The irreversible loss of treasured monuments
led Victor Hugo (1802–1885) to argue passionately
against the destruction of France’s medieval monuments.
Camillo Sitte (1843–1903), an Austrian architect and
planner, pioneered such studies with a re- evaluation of
ancient and medieval urban heritage.
Sitte’s work is the beginning of an analytical
appreciation of the historic city as the repository of a
method that can provide continuity in city building.
He was also the first to understand the danger of
urban renewal and to foresee the damage it would
inflict.
In his plan for the city of Madurai in India, he
advised against demolitions and against
reconfiguring and sanitizing neighbourhoods,
advocating instead for ”conservative surgery”to
improve housing conditions with minimal
interventions and expense.
A giant step toward full appreciation of the historic city
and its special planning requirements may be attributed
to Gustavo Giovannoni(1873–1947).
Giovannoni enlarged the concept of “monument” to
comprise an entire historic city. He introduced the notion
ofvernacular architecture, considered not only
an integral part of the urban fabric but worthy of
conservation. He was also thefirst torecognize
clearly the historic city’s incompatibility with
modern urban developments. He therefore
advocated city expansions away from the urban core and
the removal of motorized traffic from historic
areas.
Built by Qutub-ud-Din
The Qutub Minar in 2007,
Aibak in 1193, the Qutub
surrounded by homes
Minar is the world’s
and ruins.
tallest minaret in a
picture taken in the 18th
century
India is a conglomeration of many ancient civilisations,
yet our historic cities do not instil pride in their
inhabitants, most of whom live in poverty and lack access
to even the basic urban services. For almost 5,000 years,
great cities in our country have been built, from the
Harappan era city of Dholavira to the 20th century urban
centres of Delhi and Chandigarh, yet none of these cities
find a mention in the list of 100 UNESCO designated
World Heritage cities, which includes 10 in Italy alone.
In the past 50 years, we have steadily destroyed the
inhabitability of our historic city centres, yet unlike
Europe where obliteration was sudden during the World
Wars, our systematic destruction, at the hands of the
politician-official-builder nexus, has been gradual and
as such there has not yet been a civil society uprising
demanding better policy and preservation.
If India's historic cities or indeed historic urban
centres such as Mehrauli, Shahjahanabad,

Nizamuddin in Delhi, are to be salvaged from

unsustainable, unsafe, and inappropriate alterations, our
focus in conservation needs to shift from being
monument-centric to people-centric. We need to forget
what our cities once were, stop repetitive and
meaningless calls for restoring Chandni Chowk to the
Mughal era and focus on what is becoming of it now.
This, however, requires significant civil society
involvement in the decision making process and a
sensitive multi-disciplinary rather than engineering
approach to 'develop' our historic cities. Survey, analysis
and the compilation of the inventory are the foundation
as only on the basis of an understanding of the area
morphology can appropriate improvements be planned.
The Archaeological Survey of India's (ASI) National
Mission on Monuments and Antiquities was meant to
carry out primary survey across India that would have
helped identify significant clusters of historic buildings.
To be effective, any conservation effort needs to be
coordinated with a comprehensive planning policy and
urban design programme aimed at improving the living
standards in historic settlements.
The development ofour historic cities needs a
conservation-led approach and as a first step our
municipalities need to follo the lead of the
Ahmedabad municipality w have
and conservation teams-
departments manned by multi-disciplinary
planners, architects, urban designers, transport planners-
who are sensitive to the needs of historic cities and who
will be able to restrain engineers whose vision of
development is limited to building elevated transport
corridors.
Political will remains key. But greater awareness on the
part of architects and planners is also important, so that
they understand that the road more often taken until now
and still largely followed is not the only available
route.
The Vienna Memorandum, which proposes an
integrated approach to thecontemporary
development of existing cities in a way that does not
compromise their heritage significance.
CASE STUDY : SRIRANGAM
 SRIRANGAM
Srirangam, a historic sacred town in central Tamilnadu, South
India, is an islet bound by the Cauvery River on one side and its
distributary, Coleroonon, on the other. Sri Ranganathaswamy
Temple is the focal point of this Vaishnavite settlement and
covers an area of about 631,000 square metres. The temple of
Srirangam is the only one in India with seven concentric
rectangular enclosures round the sanctuary. The enclosing walls
are breached by monumental gates (gopurams) placed in their
centre,

in the axis of the sanctuary and facing the cardinal points.

SRIRANGAM

A distant view of the Rajagopuram of Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam

SRIRANGAM

Detail of the Rajagopuram of Ranganathaswamy Temple,Srirangam

 SRIRANGAM
Srirangam was designed in accordance to religious beliefs that shaped the
town and set up rules for its layout. The central element of a town had to
be a shrine with a holy enclosure.
SRIRANGA
M
The main entrance to the temple complex, i.e., the southernmost
gateway – the Rajagopuram is considered the tallest in Asia,
rising to the skies at 71 m height with its 13 tiers. The
marvellous Rajagopuram was consecrated on March 25, 1985.
It is not only a key landmark structure but also an object of
worship for many locals and pilgrims. The gopuram is visible
from many places in a radius of about 20km. In studying the
views of the Rajagopuram, it is evident from the immediate
views that the monumental scale of the gopuram not only marks
the entry to the historic city, but that it also creates a lasting
impression on the viewer.
Map of
Srirangam
Town showing
identified
viewpoints
SRIRANGAM

Srirangam Viewpoint V1 – Srirangam Viewpoint V2 –

Immediate view of Rajagopuram Intermediate view of Rajagopuram
from the Ammamandapam from eastern side
Road
 SRIRANGAM

Srirangam Viewpoint V3 -- Srirangam Viewpoint V4 –

Immediate view of Rajagopuram Intermediate view of Rajagopuram
from northern side – Inside the from Ammamandapam
temple complex
SRIRANGA
M

Srirangam Viewpoint V3 -- Srirangam Viewpoint V4 –

Immediate view of Rajagopuram Intermediate view of Rajagopuram
from northern side – Inside the from Ammamandapam
temple complex
 SRIRANGAM

View of the Srirangam Rajagopuram obstructed by variety of elements

 SRIRANGAM

View of the Srirangam Rajagopuram obstructed by variety of elements

SRIRANGAM- Main
Issues
 the Rajagopuram is surrounded by development around it
and there are several elements which encroach the view frame
(signage, hoardings, power lines, roof projections, etc.) and
detract from the overall visual quality.
 This is mainly due to the heavy volume of pedestrian and
two-wheeler traffic which passes through the gopuram to
access the historic city of Srirangam
 the presence of obstructive elements which block the view
partially was observed. These obstructions are
both
temporary and permanent
 SRIRANGAM- Main
Issues
 Today there is a threat to this viewscape, the
urban development which is happening in the immediate
of the temple is
setting obscuring the visual
importance or dominance, its aesthetic contribution
once these
monuments had to thetownscape.
 The setting around a protected heritage resource or
monument is often an unprotected urban, suburban or cultural
landscape.
 For world heritage sites, the setting is most often defined as the
buffer zone around the protected cultural resource that is
contiguous to it.
 SRIRANGAM- Main
 Issues
Current Indian spatial planning policy and legislation do
not provide adequate framework for the inclusion of
views and vistas of heritage monument as a significant
aspect.
 The setting of historic monument is defined by mere
prohibiting the construction activities within the 200m
radius from the protected property. If there is building
outside this limits but causing significant visual
impact over the heritage monument then the existing
legislations has no role toplay .
SRIRANGAM- Steps to be
taken

To identify the significant vies in the townscape of
historic environments which needs to be protected or
enhanced
 To conserve the views and visual relationships of
monuments to enhance the heritage value of the city
for promoting tourism
•To rank the significant public views & classification
of visual resources of value based on perception of
various usergroups
SRIRANGAM- Steps to be
taken
•To identify the significant values people associate to
historic monuments
•To identify the dimensions of setting for monuments
and sites
•To formulate development control guidelines in the
historic core to preserve the views and the visual
relationships
SRIRANGAM- To
Conclude
The view of sacred monuments brings people

closer to religious ideals, spirituality, community,

and place. By preserving and enhancing the views of the

sacred monuments the connection between people,

religion and place becomes strengthened.

FINANCIAL INCENTIVES AND TDR
Financial incentives have become a core component of private
lands conservation programmes because of their ability to
motivate stewardship behaviour. ... Payments for performance
may impact farmers' current and future engagement with an
incentive programme to protect an at-risk ground-nesting
grassland bird.
• Transfer of Development Rights (TDR) is a voluntary, market-based implementation tool that promotes the conservation
of high-value agricultural land, environmentally sensitive areas and strategic open space by shifting development to
areas communities deem appropriate for development. The development rights of areas to be protected (referred to as
"sending areas") are transferred to appropriate, community-designated areas (receiving areas") that can accommodate
growth through existing and or planned provision of infrastructure.

• A TDR program is different than a PDR program (Purchase of Development Rights) In that PDRs require public funds to
purchase the development rights of a parceI and permanently retire those rights. TDRs strategically transfer those rights,
utilizing little-to-no public funds through a voluntary process that affords the land owner in the sending area just
compensation for the development rights of the land, and affords developers the opportunity to purchase those
development rights as development credits that may be used in the designated receiving area to build at a higher level
of development for a higher profit.
• Transfer of Development Rights (TDR) is a zoning technique used
to permanently protect farmland and other natural and cultural
resources by redirecting development that would otherwise
occur on these resource lands to areas planned to accommodate
growth and development. Under Pennsylvania law, use of TDRs
must be voluntary. The municipal zoning ordinance cannot
mandate that a landowner of developer use TDRs, but it can
make the TDR option very attractive. Transfer of Development
Rights programs enable landowners within valuable agricultural,
natural and cultural resource areas to be financially compensated
for choosing not to develop some or all of their lands.
Urban Conservation. Importance to the Community
Urban conservation is important to the community in
terms of savings (in both money and energy) in the re-use of
Urban conservation is concerned with those parts of
older buildings as opposed to the construction of equivalent
the built environment that are of architectural or
new structures. The older part of the building stock is generally
historic significance. This includes buildings
a reflection of gradual alterations made to enable buildings to
(individually or in groups), localities (streets, blocks,
meet the changing needs of their owners and occupants and
environments or precincts), special gardens or
the strategy seeks to encourage this process of adaptive re-use.
landscapes, and other structures.

Conservation does not mean preservation

of buildings, localities or other features for all
time. Only a few buildings are so highly
significant that they should be retained in a
wholly original form. Many more buildings of
character can be retained if they are adapted
to allow continued economic occupation.
This may mean a changed form of their
original use or an entirely new use andthis is
emphasised in the Board's strategy. Lack of
maintenance is a major reason for the loss of
many worthwhile older buildings
 CULTURE-HERITAGE
1.Cultural endowments such as traditional architecture, unique
streetscapes, and historic sites are increasingly recognized as
important economic resources in both developed and
developing countries.  Culture - Heritage Perespolis,iran
2.Cities are often an important focal point for development
based on these resources because they provide concentrations of
heritage assets, infrastructure services, private sector activity,
and human resources. Historical town of Masooleh
3.Improving the conservation and management of urban
heritage is not only important for preserving its historic
significance, but also for its potential to increase income-
earning opportunities, city livability, and competitiveness
 ECONOMY
One of the most highly- visible and dynamic links between The investments in heritage conservation that are advantageous
heritage conservation and local economic development lies for tourism development are also key elements of creating
in the potential for cultural and natural assets to attract liveable cities-in other words, improvements that support
tourism investment and spending. tourism also enhance residents’ economic opportunities and
standard of living.
 HERITAGE TOURISM
The National Trust for Historic Preservation in the United States
defines heritage tourism as "traveling to experience the places,
artifacts and activities that authentically represent the stories
and people of the past", and "heritage tourism can include
cultural, historic and natural resources".
 Case study-Pondicherry French town
Urban conservation
INTRODUCTION
• A heritage city with rich cultural diversity - Situated in Puducherry district -one of
the major reasons being the cross cultural 'Indo- French' influence on the town.
• A strong enclosure, with curtain walls, bastions, parapets and a ditch all round the
city.
• Impressive gates were erected to the North and the West, and the streets leading
to these gates became the main arteries of the town.
• The removal of fortifications in 1850s led to flattened ramparts, which formed the
boulevards of Pondicherry today.
• The Canal became central to its evolving landscape - separates the French and
the Tamil quarters.
CHARACTERISTICS
• The boulevard town - Inherited significant architectural heritage from the French
period - well-planned grid pattern layout (conceived by the Dutch between (1673-
1700)
• The two distinct settlements - French and Tamil.
• French street - mansion type houses with garden and courtyards.
• Tamil street - tiled lined verandahs and sitting platform.
• A synthesis of the two styles has resulted in a unique 'Franco- Tamil’ architectural
identity.
 why? how?
ISSUES
• Population increased at the rate of 30% in a census.
• From 1987 to 1995 INTACH, together with
• Stress on infrastructure facilities and urban amenities, shortage in
EFEO, prepared an inventory of heritage -
housing, traffic congestion, degraded socio-economic conditions
value buildings in the old town.
and
deteriorated environment.
• Rapid change in streetscape.
• Commercial pressure and lack of awareness.
• Loss of heritage building with replacement of concrete structure.

OBJECTIVES
• To achieve urban and economic development through the heritage
preservation initiatives.
• To address urban and environmental issues and enhance
residents' quality of life
• To develop global networking and introduce a participative process.
• Decentralized planning and management.
• To encourage the exchange of information between partner cities.
Matching grant scheme
• Improving survival rate of listed heritage buildings by INTAC, which
downsized to 1200 in a span of just 5 years.

Model Street Restoration Programme

• To show case typical Tamil streetscape.
HERITAGE WALK
Heritage walk along the streets of the town is recognized as
an effective way to highlight the heritage and bring a sense of
pride to the residents. The heritage walk in Pondicherry was
designed by INTACH to highlight the rich architectural heritage.
Today, tourists and residents still enjoy this exploration of the
Tamil and French quarters. Guides were trained, and a
brochure with a map of the old city and the various routes was
published in English, Tamil, French and Italian. An introductory
video on the architectural heritage of Pondicherry was
prepared. Another essential component was the development
of appropriate signage wherein, plaques were mounted on 20
noteworthy private and public buildings providing brief
information on their historical background and architecture.
Missing street signs, in original blue and white enamel, were
also provided in the French and Tamil Precincts
 TO HIGHLIGHT THE RICH ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE,BRING A SENSE OF PRIDE
TO THE RESIDENTS Solid waste
management
• Introduction of
segregation
system for
waste collection
and disposal.
• Collection of
organic and
inorganic waste.
• Provision of
dust bins
. • Organic
Grand Bazaar restoration waste was
composted
• The traditional market place of the town. • Issues - Inconvenient
while recycled
access, parking problems,garbage dumping, clogged drains,
waste were
dilapidated,structures and inadequate civic amenities.
segregated at
• New entrance gate, signboards, repair of damaged structures, the community-
repainting of the clock tower, renovation of toilets etc. recycling center.
Battery charging station
 • Efficient non-polluting transport system. 
• Two nonpolluting vehicles acquired for
transporting tourists on a heritage tour.
 • Replaced the noisy tractors and lorries.

Result and Impacts

• The Vysial Street project lifted the
feeling of ownership and pride and also
increased the property value.
• Creating jobs related to increased
restoration activity.
• In 9 years, Pondicherry's tourist
population has nearly doubled, from 0.59
million in 2004 to 1.1 million in 2011.
 .HERITAGE OF COCHIN

COCHIN Major Heritage Zones in Kochi & Development Issues

1) Fort Kochi, Mattancherry, Fort Vypeen Integrated Heritage Zone.
The Fort Kochi, Mattancherry and Fort Vypeen placed right at
INTRODUCTION the sea mouth has experienced immense trade related
COCHIN, known as the Queen of the Arabian activities and has developed a rich pluralistic culture and
Sea, has important place in the world map for tradition unique to this heritage zone.
voyagers and traders over the centuries. Kochi Issues Related to Heritage. As the City of Kochi grew around
developed as an important port for traders and Ernakulam as a major town, this area had been left behind by
voyagers. These trade relationships have a great developments and investments. However, due to the growing
influence on the cultural and religious aspects of
demand of the tourism industry has made this heritage zone
Kerala’s social structure, and also on the built
heritage. Due to passage of time and with the alive again. Sanitation and health has become one of the major
political reforms the built heritage they left form as issues. Pulling down and unauthorized modifying of valuable
a vestige of past. Portuguese, the Dutch, French heritage structures and public spaces is also a major issue in
and then the English came here and added to the this zone. Unsympathetic and alien developments destroying
rich history of this land. Ruled by many Maharajas the harmony in heritage zones due to lack of proper
and Divans, this city evolved through the centuries, development guidelines is experienced in this field. Public
assimilating the cultures of the many communities spaces of intense use such as streets and markets choke with
from all over the globe who made it, traffic jams resulting in unfriendly public areas.
• Willingdon Island Heritage Zone 4) Canal & Backwater Network Heritage Zone.
The entire port town was designed by Sir Robert Canal Network is part of our regional traditional
Bristow and left an outstanding heritage settlement built heritage planning. They, once upon a time, used
during the British period. The Heritage structures including to be the drainage system, transportation
that of the Port Trust, Palacial Bungalows, Commercial corridor & irrigation system of traditional
godowns and Public spaces of the Southern Naval development. The Canals Network in Kochi is very
command area etc. become part of this heritage zone. much intertwined with rivers and backwaters.
Issues Related to Heritage. This beautiful island of Most of the traditional areas and heritage zones
outstanding heritage value poses some unique issues in the are connected by such canal system. Most public
field of heritage. Kochi Port Trust and Indian Navy mostly spaces, settlements and institutions are also
own the Island, which leave little regulations being effective grown along them. Issues Related to Heritage.
in these areas. Unsympathetic and alien developments The canal Network is both a natural as well as
destroying the harmony in heritage zone and water edge cultural heritage of our city. Sanitation, mosquito
skyline due to lack of power development guidelines is
experienced in this area. The beautiful water edges and
breeding, drainage etc. are the major issues of
public spaces associated to this island do not share it with the City and all related very much to the Canal
the citizen of Kochi except in few cases. Network. Accessibility to the canal is another
issue of equity. Encroachment is another issue
related to the canal & Backwater precincts
5) Mangalavanam Natural Heritage
Known for its small bird sanctuary, Mangalavanam mangroves is situated in the Ernakulam District of Kerala State. This
small mangrove area comprising of a shallow tidal lake in the center with its edges covered with thick manger vegetation
and the lake here are connected to backwaters by a canal. Apart from these, it is considered a ‘green lung’ of Ernakulam
City, which is polluted by many industries and motor vehicles.
Issues Related to Heritage. Major issues related to this Natural Heritage are associated with the issues related to
canals and backwaters. The quantity of water flowing into Mangalavanam is extremely harmful for the species habitat in
this zone. Lack of Urban Development guidelines in the area surrounding this heritage zone is a serious threat to the future
of this small forest in Kochi.
B.Kochi Estuary Natural Heritage Zone
Kochi Estuary is an important Natural Ecological Feature in the entire Vembanad Lake Region which extends about 70
Kms to the South of the Kochi Sea mouth and 35 Kms to the North, flushes out 7 major rivers through Kochi Estuary. A
major transactional point for most of the marine species and habitat for many of them, Kochi Estuary becomes a major
zone of great environmental significance. This zone also becomes Kochi City’s most important place with the location of
Port and proposed Container Transshipment, Navy etc.
Issues Related to Heritage. The major issues related to this zone are the absence of planning for the Natural Heritage
and marine habitat of this estuary. The water edge development guidelines lack environmental sensitivity. Methods to
effective reduction of pollution during the port activity are also not ensured. Environmental guidelines for accretion and
landfills are also absent.
C.Thripunithura Heritage Zone
This living fossil of Royal glory has an important place in the history of Kerala. It was the capital of the Kingdom of Kochi
from 1755 onwards. The temple forms the focal point of the city. The growth of the city started from around the temple.
The main spine, the heart of the Fort, passes through the temple in the east-west direction starting from the east arch and
ending at the west arch. The main spine runs from the west Irumpanam iron bridge to the east Statue junction through the
temple.
 Conservation Project Management
1. On Heritage Sites • The age of a heritage site is established from the existing physical remains.
Documentary records may be used to provide supporting evidence to
A heritage site must comprise actual physical authenticate the date of a site but should not be used as the main basis for
remains that have historical, locational, and period determining age. A site with components or fabric from different periods
elements. requires an explanation of their dates. When it is not possible to accurately
Important historical elements of a heritage site date a site, it is permissible to describe it as dating from the beginning,
include middle, or end of a particular century or dynasty.
i Significant events or activities associated with 1.2 Heritage sites must be historically authentic.
historic figures
Physical remains must be in their historic condition. This includes a site’s
. ii Significant undertakings in science and technology, condition as it was originally created, its condition after undergoing repeated
production, transportation, and commerce. adaptation throughout history, or its condition as a result of deterioration or
iii Traditional institutions. damage over a long period.
Landmarks and historic landscapes in “Historically and Culturally Famous
iv Ethnic groups and religions. Cities” must retain their authenticity. Such places should be those having the
v Family and society. greatest significance and should epitomize the unique cultural characteristics
of the city.
vi Literature and the arts.
Only the actual location of a commemorative place where an important
vii Folk customs and trends of a period. historic event occurred may also be regarded as a heritage site
viii Other historical attributes of particular
significance.
1.3 The fundamental significance of a heritage site The scientific value of a heritage site refers
resides in its inherent values. specifically to the history of scientific and
Inherent values are a site’s historical, artistic, and scientific values. Recognition of a
site’s heritage values is a continuous and open-ended process that deepens as
technological development and derives from the
society develops and its scientific and cultural awareness increases following:
The historical value of a heritage site derives from the following: i Plan and design, including the selection and layout of a
i Important reasons led to its construction, and the site authentically reflects this site, protection of the ecology, response to threats of
historical reality. disaster, and architectural form and structural design.
ii Significant events occurred at the site or important figures were active there, and ii Construction, materials, and techniques and the level of
its historic setting accurately reflects these events or the activities of these people. scientific and technological achievement they
iii The site illustrates the material production, lifestyle,thought, customs and represented for their time, or their importance as a link
traditions or social practices of a particular historical period. in the development of science and technology.
iv The existence of the site can prove, correct, or supplement facts documented in iii A facility or place where scientific experiments,
historical records.
production, or transportation, and so on, occurred. iv A
v The historic remains contain unique or extremely rare period or type elements, or
are representative of a type of site place where important scientific and technological
. vi Stages of a site’s transformations over time are capable of being revealed. information is recorded or preserved.
The artistic value of a heritage site derives from the following: 1.4 Heritage sites must be effectively
i Architectural arts, including spatial composition, building style, decoration, and
aesthetic form. conserved
ii Landscape arts, including cultural, urban, and garden landscapes of famous scenic Heritage sites should be recorded in a register.Sites
locations, as well as particular vistas comprising a landscape of ruins. that have yet to be declared protected entities, but
iii Associated sculptural and decorative arts, including carvings, statues and fixed nevertheless have values worthy of being preserved,
ornamentation, frescoes, and furnishings. need to be protected through effective management. In
iv Immovable sculptural artistic works that are unique in period, type, subject, areas that are to undergo large-scale construction or
appearance, or artisan skills. redevelopment, the authorities should carry out a timely
v The creative process and means of expression of the above-mentioned arts. assessment of all registered sites that may be affected
and how they will be conserved.
2. On Retaining the Historic Condition of v Works of art, either independent or associated with a
building.
Heritage Sites vi Damaged remnants of a site resulting from natural
2.1 It is a legal requirement in the disasters, that retain research value.
conservation of heritage sites that the vii Damaged remnants resulting from important historical
events, that have acquired commemorative significance.
historic condition must not be changed viii Historic settings that have not undergone major change
2.2 In complex situations, scientific . Reinstatement of a site to its historic condition is permitted
investigation should be undertaken to in the following instances
i Where collapse, burial, damage, or abandonment has occurred.
determine historic condition ii Where deformation, incorrect placement, or bracing has occurred.
2.3 The principle of retaining historic iii Where there exist sufficient physical remains to reveal the historic
condition of a small number of missing parts.
condition involves either preserving iv Where there are no physical remains to reveal the original condition
existing condition or reinstating historic of a small number of missing or altered components, but where after
scientific investigation and comparison with components of the same
condition. type and period, the original condition can be determined.
The existing condition of the following must be preserved v Where, following appraisal, parts of a site that do not have historical
i Archaeological sites and ruins, particularly those with value because of later interventions are removed so that the site can
aboveground remnants. be returned to its historic condition at a specified period in the past.
ii The overall design and layout of architectural ensembles within vi If reinstatement enables the historic setting to reveal the values of
a site. the site. Routine maintenance and treatment of the setting are the
iii Individual components of significance from different periods principal means employed to preserve the existing condition of a site,
within architectural ensembles. with occasional use of physical protection and strengthening and
iv Components and artisan techniques from different periods that minor repairs. Restoration is the method used to return a site to its
have significance for a site historic condition.
3. On the Social and Economic Benefits of Heritage Sites
3.1 An important part of heritage conservation is the proper protection and display of the values of a site
through rational use.
3.2 The social benefits of heritage sites are maximized through the following uses.
Social function. Sites may also become
i Places for the commemoration of significant events or important historic figures.
ii Foci of education by providing knowledge of history, the arts, and the sciences.
iii Tourist venues where history and culture are the main themes.
iv Recreational places that provide healthy activities for the mind and body.
v Places of traditional custom and continuing religious practice.
The aesthetic function of heritage sites includes
i Fostering love for and interest in higher cultural and aesthetic values among the public through the influence of the site’s artistic values.
ii Enhancing the public’s artistic appreciation through enjoyment and study of the site.
iii Enhancing artisitc creativity and techniques by providing arenas in which the public may learn through direct experience of the art and in
which it may gain greater understanding of the past.
3.3 The use of heritage sites to create economic benefit must be directed appropriately and a system of
management devised for this purpose
3.4 In order to open heritage sites to the public and use them appropriately, additions or alterations for the
purpose of providing necessary facilities should be restricted and conform to the following principles.
Changes may only be made to buildings or parts of buildings that are not of major significance. In cases in which it is necessary to build
facilities at a site that does not have aboveground remains, the archaeological resource should be protected and the setting should not be
adversely affected. Harm to the original structure or artistic components of a site is not permitted. Physical interventions should not result in
permanent structures and should be reversible, allowing a site to be restored to its historic condition when necessary.
4. On the Conservation Process
4.1 Heritage sites are not renewable.
Mistakes made during interventions may be irreversible and cause further damage, consequently jeopardizing the entire conservation
project. It is necessary, therefore, to carry out conservation work step-bystep according to an established process so that each step, correctly
implemented, becomes the foundation for the next one.
4.2 The conservation process lies at the heart of management of heritage sites and should be accepted as authoritative.
The government department in charge of heritage should be responsible for the coordination and control of conservation procedures. The
actual work should be undertaken by the relevant body. Persons undertaking any steps of the conservation process, including persons in
government bodies and those in charge of a particular project, should have the relevant specialist qualifications and experience. Personnel
with general professional qualifications must undertake specialist training provided by the government department or organization in charge
of heritage before undertaking highly specialized projects.
4.3 Each stage of the conservation process has specific requirements.
Identification and investigation of historic places is the most basic work in the conservation process. This is divided into a
general survey and inventory of all historic sites, an in-depth investigation of selected sites, a detailed investigation of specific
sites, and a thematic investigation. The extent of investigation, standardized recording formats to be employed, and the
topographical and crosssectional drawings to be collected or made will all depend on the requirements of each stage.
Whenever possible, advanced specialized equipment should be used to carry out these investigations. The survey process
should target mainly physical remains, and special care should be taken
. The three main elements revealed by the assessment process are the heritage values of a site, its present state of
preservation, and its management context.
During the implementation process, on completion of stages of the project a timely review of the work should be undertaken.
After careful deliberation, the master plan may be revised to include additions or adjustments as revealed by the review. After
the initial investigative work has been completed, there should be effective management of the site that must continue
through the entire conservation process.
5.On Archival Records
5.1 Archival records are an important bearer of the values of sites.
As a medium for passing on historical information, authentic and detailed
records and documents have importance equal to that of the physical remains
of a site. Archival records have the following uses in conservation work. When
carrying out an assessment of values, archival records are important for dating
changes to a site and determining the period of its physical remains. Page | 13
When drawing up a conservation master plan, records are important reference
material for understanding the site’s historic condition, its archaeological
remains, changes to its setting, and its management context. When designing
plans for conservation intervention, archival material provides a basis for
understanding the reasons for the existing condition of the fabric. Relevant
archival material should be submitted with the final conservation plan. In the
context of management, archives may provide the necessary evidence to
resolve disputes over boundaries, ownership rights, economic matters, and
appropriate use. At the same time, they can assist in resolving debate over
development versus conservation priorities.
5.2 Archival records should be collected, collated, and stored in accordance
with the relevant national laws on archives.
However, for heritage sites, there must be at least five categories of records,
namely:
i Compilations of historical documents.
ii Survey reports on the existing condition of the site.
iii Files on conservation interventions. iv Records on monitoring and inspection
of the site.
v Records on the management of public access to the site.
6.On the System of Management 7.On Assessment
6.1 The main goal of a heritage conservation management system
7.1 Assessment is a crucial part of theconservation process .
should be to ensurethat conservation work is carried outaccording to
prescribed procedures. 7.2 The heritage values of a site constitute the first component of
Specialized organizations and personnel under departments of heritage assessment, the main aspects of which follow.
management at the various levels of government should be stable and Historical, artistic, and scientific values, encompassing
independent in order to carry out their work. These include site i The existing condition of the site.
management organizations, specialist research organizations, departments ii Benefits to society through interpretation of the site after
in charge of archives and data and monitoring stations, research and effective conservation.
design institutes, and quality control units iii Potential values of the site yet to be identified.
6.2 Every step of the conservation process must be documented for 7.3 The second component of assessment concerns the existing
future reference and, if required, for purposes of approval by the condition of a site
relevant government department. 7.4 The third component of assessment is the management
6.3 Organizations and personnel undertaking conservation work should context.
be qualified and approved to do so. This refers to management conditions at the time of assessment.
6.4 A committee of experts must appraise important conservation The main items follow. Responsibilities of the management
projects organization, the composition and expertise of its personnel, and
6.5 Funds required for the conservation of heritage sites may be raised its capability to undertake conservation, research, and
through different channels. Independent accounts should be established investigation. Appropriateness or otherwise of the current use of
and dedicated funds shouldbe used only for their intended purpose. the site and the ability of management to control any inappropriate
Funds allocated by government and specialist grants should be used or harmful social activities. Page | 18 Availability of equipment
entirely and solely on the actual project for which they were intended. The used for monitoring and routine maintenance and the adequacy of
establishment of a conservation fund is to be encouraged. Sources of facilities provided for public use. Conditions and prerequisites for
funding may include i Donations from the public. ii The greater proportion interpretation and display. Disaster assessment, prevention,
of the income generated by the site itself. iii A proportion of income
generated by local businesses as a result of their proximity to the site
8.On the Conservation Master Plan 9.On Routine Management, Maintenance, and
8.1 The conservation master plan is the basis for Interpretation
managing sites and for undertaking conservation 9.1 Routine management of a heritage site is the legal
interventions and interpretation. responsibility of the site management organization.
8.2 A large-scale site with an important setting or 9.2 Routine maintenance refers to the regular implementation of a
complex of buildings requires an overall conservation maintenance program
master plan. 9.3 Interpretation is the principal means by which the management
8.3 Specialized plans should be drawn up in the case of process creates social benefit.
protected sites or parts of sites with special needs or
problems 10.On Physical Protection and Strengthening
Extensive, large-scale building complexes with multiple functions 10.1 Physical protection and strengthening are measures by which
require specific plans for each function, which may then be modern materials are used and protective structures added to a
implemented independently. Public evacuation and disaster site to prevent harmful natural processes that may lead to
response plans for sites that are popular tourist attractions. A irreparable damage
general master plan for a relocated site in its new setting. Fire, 10.2 Protective substances, such as coatings and grouts, that are
flood, and disaster response plans for highdensity building applied to a surface or injected to strengthen a damaged section
complexes and historic precincts (villages or towns). Landscape
should conform
and garden plans for heritage sites that form part of large
gardens and scenic locations. Plans for addressing serious hazards 10.3 Protective structures and interventions to the setting must
in the setting. comply
8.4 Conservation master plans for historic precincts 10.4 Construction of protective buildings or shelters is an
(villages or towns) should be integrated with municipal exceptional conservationmeasure for aboveground sites when no
and town development plans. alternative is available.
Conservation measures for important buildings and locations
should be highlighted in such plans together with what is
permitted in terms of scope and requirements for rehabilitation
11.On Minor and Major Restoration
11.1 The aim of minor and major restoration is to remedy structural dangers, to repair damaged components, and to
reinstate a site’s historic condition
11.2 Minor restoration of the historic condition of a site covers two categories of intervention: first, the return of endangered
structures or components to a stable and safe historic condition; and second, the removal of later added structures and
components assessed as having no value.
11.3 Major restoration constitutes the greatest intervention on the physical remains.
11.4 Major restoration allows for the reinstatement of lost parts of a site, where appropriate, in order to return it to historic
condition
12.On Relocation and Reconstruction
12.1 Relocation or reconstruction of a site is a rare intervention, subject to strict controls and special approval.
12.2 A relocation project involves the same degree of complexity as a major restoration project and should comply
12.3 Reconstruction is a major physical intervention whereby a building that preserves only its footings is reconstructed
based on textual verification of its historic condition
13.On Treatment of the Setting
13.1 Three factors affect the quality of the setting of sites
13.2 The following work should have priority in order to address those natural factors that could lead to severe damage or
harm.
13.3 Social factors potentially harmful to a site should be treated in a comprehensive manner and with the involvement of
the public
13.4 Aspects of a landscape that may reduce the values of a site should be addressed on a case-by-case basis through analysis
and discussion among professionals; there should be no single, rigidly determined, and generally applied solution to with
such problems.
14.On Conserving Archaeological Sites, Ruins, and Ancient Tombs
14.1 Archaeological sites, ruins, and ancient tombs are particularly rich in historical information
14.2 Conservation of archaeological sites, ruins, and ancient tombs that have undergone excavation for scientific
purposes should comply
14.3 Aboveground remains should be conserved according to the following
For surface remains, two types of conservation intervention should be undertaken simultaneously.
i Treatment of a site’s setting by removing elements that could seriously threaten its safety.
ii Protection and strengthening of the remains. Collapsed, deformed, or incorrectly placed components and structural remains in
abandoned areas of a setting may be restored to their historic condition; however, the addition of new components is not permitted. In
most circumstances building footings that have been covered and buried in recent times should only be cleared of rubbish and overgrowth
and left in their buried state. Following approval, when it is necessary to clear a site of accumulated debris, surviving building footings
should only be subject to minor restoration; excessive replacement of missing fabric is not permitted. When accumulated debris is removed
from the surface of an archaeological site, clearing should be done in accordance with prescribed archaeological procedures.
15.On Conservation of Commemorative Sites
15.1 Commemorative sites are places associated with important historic events .
They fall into two categories. First, natural features such as certain trees, topographical landmarks, mountain peaks, caves, and tablelands.
Second, settings with buildings, which in themselves may have no direct relationship with an historic event but are nevertheless important
elements in the overall appearance and makeup of the site.
15.2 The main conservation requirement for a commemorative site is the preservation of the condition of the setting as it
was at the time of the historic event it commemorates.
THANK YOU

RAEES HAROON
SAFEER
JENIFER MONICA
ARUNA