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How Internet Works

The internet allows any connected computer to exchange data with any other connected computer. It uses communication devices like modems and protocols like TCP/IP to connect to networks and the global internet backbone. Users can access the internet through methods like dial-up, DSL, cable, wireless, or a LAN connection to an internet service provider who has a direct connection to internet backbone networks. Key components that enable communication between networks are points of presence, network access points, routers, and protocols.

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102 views27 pages

How Internet Works

The internet allows any connected computer to exchange data with any other connected computer. It uses communication devices like modems and protocols like TCP/IP to connect to networks and the global internet backbone. Users can access the internet through methods like dial-up, DSL, cable, wireless, or a LAN connection to an internet service provider who has a direct connection to internet backbone networks. Key components that enable communication between networks are points of presence, network access points, routers, and protocols.

Uploaded by

nfhs_ana
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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WEEK 1

HOW INTERNET WORKS

 The Internet is a global, interconnected


computer network in which every computer
connected to it can exchange data with any
other connected computer
 Interoperability is the ability to communicate
with a computer even if it is a different brand
or model
HOW INTERNET WORKS (Cont.)
Accessing the Internet

Using communication devices such as modems, telephone lines,


television cables, and other communications devices and media

The Internet can be accessed in the following ways:

Dial-up accesswith Point-to-Point Protocol(PPP)

Digital Subscriber Line(DSL) or Leased line

Cable and satelliteaccess –wireless connection

Local Area Network (LAN)access


HOW INTERNET WORKS (Cont.)

Using Modems
 Home or office user can connect to the
Internet by using MODEM device.
 Dial up a local number (e.g: 1315 for TMNet) to
connect to an Internet Service Provider(ISP)
 ISP is a company that has a permanent
connection to the Internet backbone such as
JARING and Telekom Malaysia (TM)
HOW INTERNET WORKS (Cont.)
Using Modems (Cont.)
 Signals can be:
– Analog–data is in continuous waveforms
– Digital –data is in discontinuous pulses (0’s & 1’s)
– Modems transmit data over telephone lines
 Modulation –converts digital (from computer) to analog to
cross telephone lines
 Demodulation –converts analog (phone lines) to digital for
computer

digital

analog
HOW INTERNET WORKS (Cont.)
Using Modems (Cont.)

 Bandwidth –the amount of data that can be transmitted


through a given communications channel
 Analog measured in cycles per second(Hz)
 Digital measured in bits per second(bps)

 Broadband–any transmission medium that transports high


volumes of data at high speeds
HOW INTERNET WORKS (Cont.)
Using Leased Line
– a dedicated line that can be used 24
hours
– normally used by an organization with
LAN and connected to an ISP.
– the ISPconnects to a larger network
(global network)
– normally, the ISP Company has a
POP(Point Of Presence)
HOW INTERNET WORKS (Cont.)

 POP is a place for local users to access the company’s


network using a local phone number or dedicated line.

 There are several high-level networks connecting to


each other through NAP(Network Access Points)

 In the real Internet, dozen of large ISPs interconnected


at NAP in various cities

 There are trillions of bytes of data flow between


individual networks at this point.
HOW INTERNET WORKS (Cont.)
All these networks rely on NAPs, Backbones& Routers.

Routers determine where to send information from one computer to


another.

A router

ensures that information does not go where it is not needed

makes sure that information does make it to intended destination

The Internet backbone is a collection of high-speed data lines that


connect major computer systems located around the world

ISP has a permanent connection to the Internet backbone


HOW INTERNET WORKS (Cont.)
Wireless Transmission Media
 Wireless transmission media refers to the
methods of carrying data through the air or
space using infrared, radio, or microwave
signals
HOW INTERNET WORKS (Cont.)
Wireless Transmission Media (Cont.)

 Fiber-optic cable–thin strands of glass that carry


data by light pulses

 Infrared is a wireless transmission medium that


carries data via light beams
– Transmitter and receiver must be in line of sight
– An IrDa port is needed to use infrared with a computer
HOW INTERNET WORKS (Cont.)

Wireless Transmission Media (Cont.)

 Radio is a wireless transmission medium that


carries data via radio frequency signals
– Wireless LANs in a home or business are one type
of radio technology
– Radio signals can be long range (between cities or
regions) and short range (within a building)
– Radio signals are susceptible to noise and
electrical interference
HOW INTERNET WORKS (Cont.)

Wireless Transmission Media (Cont.)

 Bluetooth is short-range radio


transmission technology
– Devices identify each other by identification
number
– Connection is confirmed before it is made
final
– Does not require a line of site
HOW INTERNET WORKS (Cont.)
Wireless Transmission Media (Cont.)

 Microwaves are high-frequency radio waves


– Much of long-distance telephone service is carried
by microwaves
– Microwaves travel in a straight line
– Microwave relay stations are built about 30 miles
apart
HOW INTERNET WORKS (Cont.)
Wireless Transmission Media (Cont.)

 Satellites are microwave relay stations suspended in space


– They are positioned in geosynchronous orbits

 Satellites use microwave signals to transmit data to and


from earth-based microwave relay stations
INTERNET PROTOCOLS
 The first four computers in ARPANET all used different
operating systems.

 The system's designers had to come up with a common set


of rules the network would follow in order for the
computers to communicate with each other without
crashing the system.

 These rules are called protocols. The first set of protocols


was collectively called the Network Control Protocol(NCP).

 In 1983, ARPANET switched to the Transmission Control


Protocol and Internet Protocol suite (TCP/IP), the same set
of rules the Internet follows today.
INTERNET PROTOCOLS (Cont.)
HTTP

 HTTP is a stateless protocol

 Each HTTP request is independent of previous and


subsequent requests

 HTTP 1.1introduced keep-alive for efficiency

 Statelessness has a big impact on how scalable


applications are designed
INTERNET PROTOCOLS (Cont.)
HTTPS

 A secure version of HTTP

 Allows client and server to exchange data with


confidence that the data was neither modified
nor intercepted

 Uses Secure Sockets Layer(SSL)/Transport Layer


Security(TLS)
INTERNET PROTOCOLS (Cont.)

Cookies
 A mechanism to store a small amount of information (up to
4KB) on the client
 A cookie is associated with a specific web site
 Cookie is sent in HTTP header
 Cookie is sent with each HTTP request
 Can last for only one session (until browser is closed) or can
persist across sessions
 Can expire some time in the future
INTERNET PROTOCOLS (Cont.)
Every machine on the Internet has a unique identifying number, called an IP (Internet
Protocol) Address.

A typical IP address looks like this :


216.27.61.137

But computers communicate in binary form like this:


11011000.00011011.00111101.10001001

The four numbers in IP, called octets

The total numbers of a possible combinations per octet is or 256

Therefore, each octet can contain any value between 0 –255

Certain values are restricted from use as typical IP addresses i.e, 0.0.0.0 is reserved
for the default network& 255.255.255.255is used for broadcast.
PROTOCOL PURPOSE
http Transferring web pages
ftp Transferring files
telnet Remote login
news Requesting news from
a news group
mailto Sending e-mail
file Local file access
DOMAIN NAME SERVER (DNS)
In 1983, University of Wisconsin, created Domain Name Server(DNS) which maps domain
names to IP addresses

DNS provides user-friendly domain names, e.g. www.msn.com

Every domain name has a suffix that indicates which top level domain(TLD) it belongs to.
There are only a limited number of such domains.

Current TLDs include:


–gov-U.S. government agencies
–org–Organizations (nonprofit)
–mil-Military net-Network organizations
–com-commercial businesses-the most common
–edu-Educational institutions such as universities

Country code TLDs are such as


–ca–Canada
–th-Thailand
–my-Malaysia
DOMAIN NAME SERVER (DNS) (Cont.)

 The following table shows the current generic


DNS:
WWW Architecture
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU TYPE A URL INTO A BROWSER?

Here’re the steps occur;

1. The browser breaks the URL into 3 parts:


The protocol (e.g. "http")
The server name (e.g. "www.uitm.edu.my")
The file name (e.g. “csc574.htm")
2. The browser communicates with a name serverto translate the server
name, "www.uitm.edu.my", into an IP Address, which it uses to connect
to that server machine.
3. The browser then forms a connection to the Web server at that IP
address on port 80.
4. Following the HTTP protocol, the browser sends a GET command
request to the server, asking for the file
"http://www.uitm.edu.my/csc574.htm".
5. The server sends the HTML text for the Web page to the browser.
6. The browser reads the HTML tags, and formats the page onto your
screen.
WEB STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES

 The World Wide Web Consortium(W3C) is an


international consortium where member
organizations, a full-time staff, and the public work
together to develop Web standards.

 W3C's mission is:“To lead the World Wide Web to its


full potential by developing protocols and guidelines
that ensure long-term growth for the Web.”

 The mission is pursued through the creation of Web


standards and guidelines.
WEB STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES (Cont.)

 Since 1994, W3C has published more than 110 such standards,
called W3C Recommendations.

 A W3C Recommendation is a specification or set of guidelines


that, after extensive consensus-building, has received the
endorsement of W3C Members and the Director.

 W3C recommends the wide deployment of its Recommendations.


(Note: W3C Recommendations are similar to the standards
published by other organizations.)

 W3C also engages in education and outreach, develops software,


and serves as an open forum for discussion about the Web.
WEB STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES (Cont.)
 In order for the Web to reach its full potential, the most fundamental
Web technologies must be compatible with one another and allow
any hardware and software used to access the Web to work together.

 W3C refers to this goal as “Web interoperability” .

 By publishing open (non-proprietary) standards for Web languages


and protocols, W3C seeks to avoid market fragmentation and thus
Web fragmentation.

 Tim Berners-Lee and others created W3C as an industry consortium


dedicated to building consensus around Web technologies.

 Mr. Berners-Lee, has served as the W3C Director since W3C was
founded, in 1994.

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