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Tim Eric 1

The document discusses digital to analog converters (DACs) and analog to digital converters (ADCs). It describes how DACs use a ladder network of resistors to convert a digital value into an analog voltage. ADCs obtain a digital value from an analog voltage. Common conversion methods include using a ladder network with resistors, dual slope conversion with an integrator, and a counter/comparator circuit. Multivibrators including astable and monostable modes are also summarized. The 555 timer IC is provided as an example of an analog-digital converter.

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46 views21 pages

Tim Eric 1

The document discusses digital to analog converters (DACs) and analog to digital converters (ADCs). It describes how DACs use a ladder network of resistors to convert a digital value into an analog voltage. ADCs obtain a digital value from an analog voltage. Common conversion methods include using a ladder network with resistors, dual slope conversion with an integrator, and a counter/comparator circuit. Multivibrators including astable and monostable modes are also summarized. The 555 timer IC is provided as an example of an analog-digital converter.

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Ljay_Lo
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DIGITAL ANALOG CONVERSTERS

DAC

Changes a digital value back into an analog voltage

Digital-to-analog conversion can be achieved


using a network of resistors called “ladder
network”.

ADC
Obtains a digital value changes a digital value
back into an analog voltage
Ladder Network

One Popular scheme uses a network resistors.

Accepts inputs of binary values at, typically, 0V


or Vref, and provider an output voltage proportional
to the binary input value.
A ladder network with four input voltages, representing 4
bits of digital data and dc voltage output.

R R R R
Vi(0) Vi(2) Vi(3)
Vi(1)
D0 D1 D2 D3

Digital input
The output voltage is proportional to the digital
input values given by the relation:

Vo = Do x 20 + D1 x 21 + D2 x 22 + D3 x 23 Vref

24
Circuit example with 0110 input

10 k 10 k 10 k
V0 = +16 V

20 k 20 k 20 k 20 k 20 k

D0 = 0 +16 V +16 V
D0 = 0
D1 = 1 D2 = 1
In the above example the output voltage resulting
should be:

V0 = 0 x 1 + 1 x 2 + 1 x 4 + 0 x 8 (16 V) = 6 V
16
Digital Inputs

Current Switches
Io

R2R Ladder

Vref Reference Circuit


DUAL SLOPE CONVERSION

Popular method for converting an analog


voltage into digital value

The analog voltage to be converted is applied


through an electronic switch to an integrator or
ramp-generator circuit.
 Ladder Voltage

Analog Voltage

Count Interval
Start Stop Count
LADDER NETWORK CONVERSION

method for converting an analog voltage into


digital with counter and comparator circuits

A digital counter advances from zero count


while a ladder network driven by the counter
outputs a staircase voltage.
Timer IC Unit Operation
Timer IC

The figures above is the 555 timer, an analog-digital IC. As described in the
figures, it is made of linear comparators and digital flip-flops.
The one on the left is the internal of the IC and the one on the right is its
external view.
Ground-Negative Supply of the device
Trigger-This pin is input w/c causes the output to go high & begin
the timing cycle.
Output-555 moves to a high level of 1.7 volts
Reset-A low logic level on this pin resets the timer and returns the
output to a low state.Normally connected to the + supply line if not
use
Control-Allows changing the triggering and threshold voltages by applying
an external voltage.
Threshold-used to reset the latch and cause the output to go low
Discharge-An open collector output w/c is in phase w/ the main output on
pin 3 and has current sinking capability.
(V +)- Positive supply of the 555 timer IC.
Multivibrators

Two-state devices called multivibrators


are used extensively in digital electronics.
The bistable multivibrators are called
flip-flops and are the basic memory devices
used in sequential logic. Other two-state
devices include the astable multivibrator
which serves as an oscillator and the
monostable multivibrator ("one-shot"
multivibrator) which can serve as a pulse
source.
Operational Modes
 Astable Multivibrator (Clock Circuit)
 Simply an oscillator
 Generates a continuous stream of rectangular off-
on pulses that switch between two voltage levels

– One-Shot Mode (Monostable Multivibator)


–Has a single stable state, which is off state
–Generates a single pulse of a fixed time duration
each time it receives an input trigger pulse
Monostable
Monostable
 monostable timer is a one-stable timer; that is, it
returns to its original (stable) state (off) after a
certain period of time. Monostable operation is
characterized by the clothes iron, which switches
itself off after being unattended for 10 minutes.
Each time the iron is moved, a small sensor resets
the timer to zero to begin another count. The iron
remains on as long as it is moved within the 10-
minute limit.
Astable Operation
Astable
One that is constantly pulsing, never staying
in one state or the other. It is constantly
switching between its two states. The flashing
light or pulsing buzzer that warns that the
seat belts are not fastened when you start a
car is an example of astable operation. In this
mode, the output pulse is fed back into the
chip to trigger another pulse, and the the
result is a continuous pulsed signal.
Reported By:

 Chris Pactolerin
 BS-Computer Science 4

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