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ELE217 - Lesson 1

This document provides an overview of transformers and induction motors. It discusses transformers in detail, including their components like cores and windings, cooling methods, enclosures, and operation based on Faraday's law of induction. Key equations for an ideal transformer are derived, including relationships between primary and secondary voltages, currents, impedances, and power transfer based on the transformer ratio. Three-phase induction motors are also briefly mentioned as topics to be covered.

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Duke
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41 views37 pages

ELE217 - Lesson 1

This document provides an overview of transformers and induction motors. It discusses transformers in detail, including their components like cores and windings, cooling methods, enclosures, and operation based on Faraday's law of induction. Key equations for an ideal transformer are derived, including relationships between primary and secondary voltages, currents, impedances, and power transfer based on the transformer ratio. Three-phase induction motors are also briefly mentioned as topics to be covered.

Uploaded by

Duke
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ELECTRICAL MACHINES I

VERLYN KLASS
ELECTRICAL MACHINES I
 TRANSFORMERS

 ELECTROMECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERSION

 THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS


LESSON 1 OVERVIEW
 What is a transformer?

 What are its uses?

 How does it operate?

 How to derive equations for the ideal


transformer
TRANSFORMERS
 A transformer is an electrical device that
transfers electric energy from one electrical
circuit to another through inductively coupled
coils.

 A varying current in the primary winding creates


a varying magnetic flux in the transformer’s
core and thus a varying magnetic field in the
secondary winding which induces a varying
voltage in the secondary winding – mutual
induction
TRANSFORMERS
 Reduce supply voltages for small power
electronic equipment

 Important for transfer of power over long


distances

 Important for reduction of voltages to safe


levels
TRANSFORMERS
 Step up, step down

 Voltage increases, current decreases and vice


versa

 Three phase, single phase

 Dry type, oil immersed


SMALL EQUIPMENT TRANSFORMERS
THREE PHASE DRY TYPE TRANSFORMER
POLE MOUNTED OIL FILLED TRANSFORMER
SUBSTATION TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER DESIGN
 Core

 Windings

 Cooling medium

 Enclosure
TRANSFORMER DESIGN
TRANSFORMER CORE
 Air core – non magnetic material

 Iron core – ferromagnetic material with high


permeability

High permeability
 – all flux created by one coil links the other
 - reluctance of magnetic path is low
TRANSFORMER CORE
 Silicon steel – non aging properties, low
magnetic losses

 Laminated and varnished to keep core loss to


a minimum

 Annealing process – high temperatures and


controlled environment to remove damages
as a result of lamination process
TRANSFORMER WINDINGS
 CORE TYPE

 SHELL TYPE
CORE TYPE SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
TRANSFOMER WINDINGS
 Sized to carry the current according to the
transformer’s rating

 Different sizes for primary and secondary


TRANSFORMER COOLING
 Cooling of transformer helps to determine its rating that
is to determine its current rating

 ON – normal oil

 AN – normal air

 AF – forced air

 ONAN

 ONAF – 50/67.5 MVA


TRANSFORMER ENCLOSURE
 None – air

 Metal tank
IDEAL TRANSFORMER
IDEAL TRANSFORMER
 Core is highly permeable. Needs very small
mmf (NI) to set up flux

 No hysteresis or eddy current loss

 No leakage flux, all is contained in core

 Negligible winding losses


FARADAY’S LAW OF INDUCTION
 When voltage is applied to primary winding
flux ɸ in core induces emf that opposes
applied voltage
d
e1  N 1
dt

d
e2  N 2
dt
IDEAL TRANSFORMER

v1 e1 N1
 
v 2 e2 N 2
 The ratio of primary to secondary emfs is
equal to the ratio of primary to secondary
turns

 The ‘a’ ratio or the transformation ratio


N1
 a
N2
IDEAL TRANSFORMER
 Let i2 be current through secondary when
connected to a load

 Source v1 forces current i1 through primary

 The mmf of the primary current N1i1 must be


equal and opposite to mmf of secondary N2i2
IDEAL TRANSFORMER

N 1i1  N 2 i2

i2 N1
 a
i1 N 2
IDEAL TRANSFORMER
 The primary and secondary currents are
transformed in the inverse ratio of turns

 Also v1i1  v 2 i2

 The power delivered to the load equals the


power supplied by the source
IDEAL TRANSFORMER
 For sinusoidal variations in the applied
voltages, the magnetic flux also varies
sinusoidally under ideal conditions

 Flux in the core at any time t is given as

  m sint
 Where Φm is the amplitude of the flux and
ω=2πf is the angular frequency
 The induced emf in the primary is

e1  N1  m cos t

1
E1  N1 m 0 0  4.44 fN1 m 0 0
2
where E is the rms current
1

E2  4.44 fN 2  m 0 0
V1 E1 N1
  a
V2 E 2 N 2
 For an idealised transformer the terminal
voltages are in phase

 Also I 2 N1
 a
I1 N 2

 Therefore I1 and I2 must be in phase


 Complex power supplied to the primary
winding by the source must be equal to
complex power delivered by the load

* *
V1I1  V 2 I 2

V1I1  V 2 I 2
IMPEDANCES
V2 1 V1
Z2   2
I 2 a I1

1
 2 Z1
a

Z1  a 2 Z 2
 The load impedance as seen by the source on
the primary side is equal to a2 times the
actual load impedance on the secondary side

 Transformers can be used for impedance


matching. A known impedance can be raised
or lowered to match the rest of the circuit for
maximum power transfer
LESSON 1 REVIEW
 What is a transformer?

 What are its uses?

 How does it operate?

 How to derive equations for the ideal


transformer

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