Physics 2: Fluid Mechanics

and Thermodynamics
Phan Bảo Ngọc
office: A1.512B, email: [email protected]
HCMIU, Vietnam National University
website:

http://www.hcmiu.edu.vn/webdirectory/Home/profile/pbngoc.aspx
● No of credits: 02 (30 teaching hours)
● Textbook: Halliday/Resnick/Walker (2011) entitled
Principles of Physics, 9th edition, John Willey & Sons, Inc.
Course Requirements
● Attendance + Discussion + Homework: 15%
● Assignment: 15%
● Mid-term exam: 30%
● Final: 40%
Preparation for each class
● Read text ahead of time
● Finish homework
Questions, Discussion
● See the secretary of the department (room A1.503) for
appointments
Chapter 1 Fluid Mechanics
Chapter 2 Heat, Temperature and the First Law
of Thermodynamics
Chapter 3 The Kinetic Theory of Gases
 Midterm exam after Lecture 6
Chapter 4 Entropy and the Second Law of
Thermodynamics
 Assignment given in Lecture 11
 Final exam after Lecture 12
(Chapters 14, 18, 19, 20 of Principles of Physics,
Halliday et al.)
 Chapter 1 Fluid Mechanics
1.1. Fluids at Rest
1.2. Ideal Fluids in Motion
1.3. Bernoulli’s Equation
Question: What is a fluid?
A fluid is a substance that can flow (liquids, gases)
Physical parameters:
Density: (the ratio of mass to volume for a material)

Δm
ρ
ΔV
●
Δm and ΔV are the mass and volume of the element,
respectively.
●
Density has no directional properties (a scalar property)
Unit: kg/m3 or g/cm3; 1 g/cm3=1000 kg/m3
Uniform density:
m
ρ 
V
Fluid Pressure: A fluid-filled vessel
– Pressure is the ratio of normal force to area
●
Pressure is a scalar property
●
Unit:
– N/m2=Pa (pascal)
– Non-SI: atm=1.01 x 105 Pa
– Fluid pressure is the pressure at
some point within a fluid:
ΔF
p
ΔA
– Uniform force on flat area: F
p 
A
Properties:
●
Fluids conform to the boundaries
of any container containing them.
●
Gases are compressible but liquids
are not, e.g., see Table 14-1:
– Air at 200C and 1 atm pressure: density (kg/m3)=1.21
200C and 50 atm: density (kg/m3)=60.5
 The density significantly changes with pressure
– Water at 200C and 1 atm: density (kg/m3)=0.998 x 103
200C and 50 atm: density (kg/m3)=1.000 x 103

The density does not considerably vary with pressure
 1.1. Fluids at Rest
The pressure at a point in a non-moving (static) fluid is called the
hydrostatic pressure, which only depends on the depth of that point.

Problem: We consider an imaginary cylinder of

horizontal base area A
F2  F1  mg
F1  p1A
F2  p 2 A
p 2 A  p1A  ρA(y1  y 2 )g
p 2  p1  ρ(y1  y 2 )g
• If y1=0, p1=p0 (on the surface) and y2=-h,
p2=p: p  p  ρgh0 gauge pressure
absolute pressure atmospheric pressure

• Calculate the atmospheric pressure at d above level 1:

p  p 0  ρ air gd
Question:

There are four containers of water. Rank them

according to the pressure at depth h, greatest first.

Answer: All four have the same value of pressure.

A. Measuring pressure:
An open-tube manometer
Mercury barometers (gauge pressure)
(atmospheric pressure)

p 0  ρgh

p 0  ρgh
ρ is the density of the mercury
p g  ρgh
ρ is the density of the liquid
The gauge pressure can be positive or negative:

closed tube open tube open tube

pgas = ρgh1 pgas = ρgh2+p0 pgas + ρgh3 = p0

pgauge = pgas-p0 pgauge = pgas-p0 pgauge = pgas-p0
= ρgh1-p0 = ρgh2 > 0 = -ρgh3 < 0
B. Pascal’s Principle:
A change in the pressure applied to an
enclosed incompressible fluid is
transmitted undiminished to every part
of the fluid, as well as to the walls of
its container.
p  p ext  ρgh
Δp  Δp ext
• Application of Pascal’s principle:
F F
Δp  i  0
Ai A0
A0
F0  Fi
Ai
A0 > Ai  F0 > Fi
The output work:
W = Fi di = F0 d0
A Hydraulic Lever
Pascal’s Law
C. Archimede’s Principle:
• We consider a plastic sack of water in
static equilibrium in a pool:
 
Fg  Fb  0 
The net upward force is a buoyant force Fb

Fb= Fg = mf g (mf is the mass of the sack)

Fb  ρ fluid gV
V: volume of water displaced by the
object,if the object is fully submerged in
water, V = Vobject
• If the object is not in static equilibrium,
see figures (b) and (c):
Fb  Fg (case b : a stone)
Fb  Fg (case c : a lump of wood)
The buoyant force on a submerged object is equal to the weight of the
fluid that is displaced by the object.

Apparent weight in a Fluid:

weightapp = weightactual - Fb

Question: Three identical open-top containers filled to the brim

with water; toy ducks float in 2 of them (b & c).
Rank the containers and contents according to their weight,
greatest first.

Answer: All have the same weight.

 1.2. Ideal Fluids in Motion
We do only consider the motion of an ideal fluid that

matches four criteria:

– Steady flow: the velocity of the moving fluid at any fixed
point does not vary with time.
– Incompressible flow: the density of the fluid has a
constant and uniform value.
– Non-viscous flow: no resistive force due to viscosity.
– Irrotational flow.
 The Equation of Continuity
(the relationship between speed and
cross-sectional area)
• We consider the steady flow of an ideal
fluid through a tube.
In a time interval Δt, a fluid element e
moves along the tube a distance:
x  vt
V  Ax  Av t
ΔV  A1v1Δt  A 2 v 2Δt
or
A1v1  A 2 v 2 (Equation of continuity)

• Volume flow rate: RV = A v = a constant

• Mass flow rate: Rm = ρ RV = ρAv = a
constant
ample problem: A sprinkler is made of a 1.0 cm diameter garden
se with one end closed and 40 holes, each with a diameter of
050 cm, cut near the closed end. If water flows at 2.0 m/s in the
se, what is the speed of the water leaving a hole? (Midterm 2014)

1cm
v2 = ?
v1 = 2 m/s

Using the equation of continuity, the speed v2 is:

a0 is the area of one hole

 1.3. Bernoulli’s Equation
●
An ideal fluid is flowing at a steady

rate through a tube.

●
Applying the principle of conservation

of energy (work done=change in kinetic

1 2 1 2
p
energy): 1  ρv1  ρgy1  p 2  ρv 2  ρgy 2
2 2
1 2
p  ρv  ρgy  a constant
2
1 1
• If y=0: p1  ρv12  p 2  ρv 22
2 2

As the velocity of a horizontally flowing

fluid increases, the pressure exerted by
that fluid decreases, and conversely.
Bernoulli’s Principle
 Question: Water flows smoothly through a pipe (see the
figure below), descending in the process. Rank the four
numbered sections of pipe according to (a) the volume flow
rate RV, (b) the flow speed v, and (c) the water pressure p,
greatest first.

R V  A1v1  A 2 v 2  A 3v3  A 4 v 4

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
p1  ρv1  ρgh  p 2  ρv 2  ρgh  p3  ρv3  p 4  ρv 4
2 2 2 2
(a) All tie; (b) 1, 2, 3, 4; (c) p4, p3, p2, p1
Keywords of the lecture:

1. Pressure (N/m2 = Pa): the ratio of normal force to area

p = ΔF/ΔA

2. Gauge pressure and Absolute pressure:

pg = ρgh
p = p0 + pg (p0: atmospheric pressure)

3. Bouyant force (Archimedes’ principle):

Fb = ρgV

4. Volume flow rate (m3/s) and Mass flow rate (kg/s):

RV = Av
Rm = ρRV
Homework:
(1) Read “Proof of Bernoulli’s Equation”

(2) Chapter 14: 1, 2, 5, 14, 17, 28, 38, 39, 48, 58,
64, 65, 71