MOS– II

Lecture 01
STRESS ANALYSIS
Dr. Muhammad Usman Hanif
NICE, NUST, H-12, Islamabad
 Course Outline (Theory)
Week Topic
1-6 Stress Analysis
1 Introduction to Combined Stresses(normal, shear stresses - practical cases)
1 Stresses due to Axial Loading and Flexural Loading
2 Stresses on Inclined Planes
3 Members subject to Normal and Shear stresses
3 Principal Stresses, Principal Planes, and Maximum Shear Stress(Transformation Equations)
4 Mohr's Circle(for plain stress problems), and measuring of maximum stresses, principal stresses and their plane
5 Mohrs’ circle for Maximum shear stress
5 Mohr's Circle for Plane Strain problems
6 Relationship between Modulus of Elasticity (E) and Modulus of Rigidity (G), elastic constants
7-8 Theories of Failure (and their applications)
Maximum Stress Theory, Tresca Theory (Max Shear Stress Theory), Maximum Strain Theory, Maximum Strain,
Energy Theory, Von Misses or Misses Yield Theory
9 Unsymmetrical Bending in practical cases (due to skew loading and unsymmetrical cross-sections)
10-12 Thick and Thin Cylinders
13-16 Eccentrically Loaded Short Columns
17 End Semester Exam

2
Overview of stresses

3
 Combined Stresses
Axial stresses Possible combination of stresses Stresses against
1. Axial + Flexure combined axial + flexural loads
Torsional Stresses 2. Axial + Torsion
3. Torsion + Flexure
Flexural Stresses 4. Axial + Torsion + Flexure

𝐹1 𝐹2
𝑐
𝑧
𝑃
𝑐

4
Combined Axial and Flexural Loads
𝑦
𝑚
𝑃 𝑐
𝑧
𝑛
𝑃 𝑐
𝜎 𝑎=
𝐴

5
Combined Axial and Flexural Loads
𝑦
𝐹1 𝐹2
𝑚
𝑐
𝑧
𝑛
𝑀𝑦
𝑐
𝜎 𝑏=
𝐼

6
Combined Axial and Flexural Loads
𝑦
𝐹1 𝐹2
𝑚
𝑃 𝑐
𝑧
𝑛
Combined effect is the 𝑐
𝜎 =𝜎 𝑎+ 𝜎 𝑏 superimposition of the separate effects
For this case

Relative magnitudes govern the

shape. The shape on left qualifies the
condition below

The shape would be different for

7
Combined Axial and Flexural Loads
𝑦
𝐹1 𝐹2
𝑚
𝛿 𝑐
𝑃 𝑧
𝑛
𝑐
The equation is only valid for small deformation.

For any lateral displacement , the equation takes the form

Note: If P = tension (+ve), the moment reduces the bending stress

If P = compression (-ve), the moment increases the bending stress

8
 Demonstrative Problem 2.1

This problem will clarify the use of sign-convention in the generalized formula

» To reduce interference, a link in a machine is designed so that its cross-sectional area in the center section is reduced
by one-half, as shown in Fig. The thickness of the link is 50 mm. Given that P ¼ 40 kN, (1) determine the maximum
and minimum values of the normal stress acting on section m-n; and (2) sketch the stress distribution on section m-n.

9
 Demonstrative Problem 2.2

This problem will additionally use some techniques to assist in the solution

» Calculate the normal stresses at points A and B of the bracket caused by the 25 kN force.

10
 Class Practice Problem 1

This problem will additionally use some techniques to assist in the solution

» Calculate the normal stresses at points A and B of the bracket caused by the 30 kN force.

11
 Kern of a Section
In combined stress theory, kern of a section (or middle third rule) is the area of the cross-
section whereupon compressionloading there will be no tension anywhere in the cross-
P section.
A D
A D

A D x
ex B C
x
B C
B C h
h
h

To find N/A, put σ=0, and I as Ar2 Put σ=0, x = -h/2, y = -b/2

Stress at any x,y point is

Find intercepts u and v by using x&y=0

12
 Kern of a section

𝑒𝑥 𝑒𝑦
+ =1
h 𝑏
6 6

𝐴 𝐷

𝑏/ 6

h/ 6

𝐵 𝐶 𝐵

13
 Homework Assignment 1 Due(17-02-21)
Problem Description Diagram
1.1 Determine the largest value of the force P that can be
applied to the wood beam without exceeding the
allowable normal stress of 10 MPa.

1.2 The force P acting on the concrete column has an

eccentricity e. Because concrete is weak in tension, it is
desirable to have all parts of the column in compression.
Determine the largest value of e for which there is no
tensile stress anywhere in the column. (The area that is the
locus of points through which P can act without causing
tensile stress is called the kern of the cross section.)

1.3 The force P = 100 kN is applied to the bracket as shown in

the figure. Compute the normal stresses developed at
points A and B.

14
 Homework Assignment 1 Due(17-02-21)
Problem Description Diagram
1.4 Determine the maximum compressive stress in the beam
which is subjected to the 40-kN/m uniformly distributed
load over its entire length. Note that the beam is
supported by a pin at A and an inclined roller support at B.

1.5 The rectangular beam ABC, 100 mm wide by 400 mm

deep, is supported by a pin at A and the cable CD.
Determine the largest vertical force P that can be applied
at B if the normal stress in the beam is limited to 120 MPa.

1.6 Show that kern of a circular section is a circle whose

diameter is ¼ the diameter of the section

15
 Combined stresses and stress trajectories

Shear Force & Normal

Shear Stresses
Bending Stresses in
in beams
Moment beams

16
 Tension Stress state Torsion Stress state Bending Stress state

σ
τ

σ C T

σ σ

Tension loading Torsion loading

state state
σ σ 17
Stress Variation with Inclination of element

b a b
a
P1 P1 P1
P4 σ
E N τ
R E R
T

P2 P2 P2
P3 b a a b

Our purpose will be to determine the orientation of the element

on which the maximum normal (and shear) stresses exists, and
its magnitude

18
 Stress Variation with Inclination of element
» Bending Torsion + Bending

𝜏 𝜏
𝜎 𝜎
𝜏
𝑀 𝑇
𝑇 𝑀

𝜏 𝜎
𝜎
𝜎
𝜏
𝜎 19
Stress State at a point

20
Stress at a point
» Sign Convention:
» Normal Stresses: σ?, positive if points in the
outwards direction of the face
• Examples: σx σy σz
» Shear Stresses: τ??, first subscript designates the
plane, second subscript indicates the direction
• Examples: τxy, τyx, τxz, τzx, τzy etc.
» Shear stress is + if it
• acts in the positive coordinate direction on a positive
face of the stress element
• acts in the negative coordinate direction on a
negative face of the stress element

[ ]
𝜎𝑥 𝜏 𝑥𝑦 𝜏 𝑥𝑧
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝜏 𝑦𝑥 𝜎𝑦 𝜏 𝑦𝑧
𝜏 𝑧𝑥 𝜏 𝑧𝑦 𝜎𝑧
21
Equilibrium of a stress element

22
 Plane Stress

[ ]
𝝈𝒙 𝝉 𝒙𝒚 𝝉 𝒙𝒛
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 = 𝝉 𝒚𝒙 𝝈𝒚 𝝉 𝒚𝒛
𝝉 𝒛𝒙 𝝉 𝒛𝒚 𝝈𝒛

23
Demonstrative Example: Generating Stress Element
» A vertical pipe column with an outside
diameter D = 114 mm and an inside
diameter d = 102 mm supports the loads
shown. Determine the normal and shear
stresses acting at point H, and show these
stresses on a stress element.

24
Transformation of Plane Stress

25