Lesson 2.

1: CIRCLES
Lesson 2.2 MISCELLANEOUS
PLANES

Week 3 and Week 4

Math 13
Solid Mensuration
 2.1 CIRCLES
• A circle is a set of points, each of which is
equidistant from a fixed point called the
center.
• The line joining the center of a circle to any
points on the circle is known as the radius.
• An arc is a portion of a circle that contains two
endpoints and all the points on the circle
between the endpoints.

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

• By choosing any two points on the circle, two
arcs will be formed; a major arc (the longer
arc), and a minor arc (the shorter one).
• A chord is a line segment joining any two
points on the circle. The chord that passes
through the center of the circle is called the
diameter of a circle.
• A chord divides the circle into two regions, the
major segment and the minor segment.

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

• A sector is the figure formed by two radii and
an included arc. The central angle is the angle
in which the vertex lies at the center of the
circle and which sides are the two radii.
• The inscribed angle is the angle in which the
vertex lies on the circle and which two sides
are chords of the circle.

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

 If circles of different radii have common
center then they are referred to as concentric
circles.
The region bounded by any two concentric
circles is known as the annulus.
A line in the same plane as the circle is a
tangent line of the circle if it intersects the circle
at exactly one point on the circle.
A line is called a secant line if it intersects the
circle at two points on the circle.
Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart
• A cyclic quadrilateral is a four-sided figure
inscribed in a circle, with each vertex (corner)
of the quadrilateral touching the
circumference of the circle.
• The sum of the opposite angles of such a
quadrilateral is .

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

 Theorems on Circles
• If two chords intersect at a point inside the
circle, then the product of the segments of one
chord is equal to the product of the segments
of the other chord.
• If two secant lines of a circle intersect at an
exterior point, then the product of lengths of
the entire secant line and its external segment
is equal to the product of the lengths of the
other secant line and its external segment.
Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart
• If a tangent line and a secant line of a circle
intersect at a point exterior to the circle, then
the product of the lengths of the secant line
and its external segment is equal to the square
of the length of the tangent line.
• Every tangent line of a circle is perpendicular to
the radius of the circle drawn through the point
of tangency.
•  
Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart
• The diameter that is perpendicular to a chord
bisects the chord and its two arcs.
• Conversely, the diameter that bisects a chord is
perpendicular to the chord.

• Consequently, the perpendicular bisector

of a chord is the diameter of the circle
which must pass through the center of the
circle.
Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart
• The line of centers of two tangent circles
passes through the point of tangency.
• An inscribed angle is measured by one-half of
its intercepted arc.
• The angle formed by constructing lines from
the ends of the diameter of a circle to a point
on the circle is a right angle.

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

 Formulas on Circles
• Circu
• Arc length:
• Area of Circle:

• Area of Segment:

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

• Area of Annulus region:

A polygon is inscribed in a circle if the vertices

of the polygon lie on the circle. If the polygon is
regular, then the measure of its side can be
determined by the cosine law.

r=radius, s=side of polygon, ϴ = central angle

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart
• The polygon is circumscribed about the circle
if each side of the polygon is tangent to the
circle.
• if the polygon is regular, then the radius of the
circle is equal to the apothem of the polygon.

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Radius of the Circle Circumscribing a Triangle

where A is the area of the triangle and .

Radius of the Circle Inscribed in a Trinagle

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

 Area of a Cyclic Quadrilateral
 

Where , semi-perimeter of the quadrilateral.

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

 Examples
1. p54: What is the area of a circle with a
circumference of cm? ANS. 254.47 sq.cm.

3. p55. A circle which has an area of 144π cm2 is

cut into two segments by a chord that is 6 cm
from the center of the circle. What is the area of
the smaller segment? ANS. 88.45 sq.cm.

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

• 4.p55 : The tangent AB and the secant BCD are
drawn to a circle from the same exterior point
B. If the length of the tangent is 8 inches and
the external segment of the secant is 4 inches,
then what is the length of the secant?
• ANS. 16 in.

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

• 6, p56: An equilateral triangle is inscribed in a
circle with an area equal to square units. Find
the area of the triangle. ANS. 105 sq.cm

Exercise 2.1, #27, p62: A circle has an area equal

to cm2. Its diameter AB coincides with one of the
sides of triangle ACB in which the vertex C lies on
the circle. If the triangle has an area equal to 11
cm2, find its perimeter.
ANS: 22 cm
Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart
 Exercises 2.1
#9, p60: An equilateral triangle is circumscribed
about a circle of radius 10 cm. What is the
perimeter of the triangle? ANS 180 cm

#13: Determine the area of the segment of a

circle if the length of the chord is 15 inches and
located 5 inches from the center of the circle.
ANS. 42.2 sq.in.
Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart
 #16: Given a circle in which the diameter AB
equals 4cm. If two points C and D lie on the
circle and and , find the length of the major arc
CD.
•  

• NS

ANS. 5.53 sq.cm.

27. p62: A circle has an area equal to cm2. Its
diameter AB coincides with one of the sides of
triangle ACB in which the vertex C lies on the
circle. If the triangle has an area equal to 11 cm2,
find its perimeter.
32., p63 : Find the area of a cyclic quadrilateral
with two sides that measure and units and one
diagonal coincides with a diameter of the circle,
the radius of which is units.
•  
Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart
• A star is a star-like figure which generally
consists of a polygon with triangles on its
sides.
• It is a regular star if the polygon involved is a
regular polygon
• The pentagram, also known as German or
witch star, is a five-pointed regular star. The
hexagram which is also known as David’s star
or Solomon’s seal is a six-pointed regular star.

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Area of Ellipse:
a=major segment, b=minor segment

Area of Parabola:
b=base, a=altitude

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

• Simpson’s Rule For Irregular shaped figure.
If ( is even) are the lengths of a series of
parallel chords of uniform interval d then the
area of the figure enclosed above is given
approximately by the following formula.
.

I
 EXERCISES
• In a circle with diameter of 20 cm, a regular
five-pointed star touching its circumference is
inscribed. Find the area of the star.
• What is the area of a section bounded by a
closed elliptical figure in which the major and
minor segments measure 60 cm and 45 cm
respectively?
• What is the area of a parabola inscribed in a
rectangle 30 cm long and 22 cm wide?

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

 HOMEWORK No.2
Exercise 2.1: #5, 7, 15, 23, 29, 33 pp. 59-63

Exercise 2.2: # 8, 10 & 12 pp. 71-72