Fourier Transforms

Analog and Digital Communications

Autumn 2005-2006

Sep 13, 2005 CS477: Analog and Digital Communications 1

 Fourier Series: Example
v(t )
Find Fourier Series of v( t ) ? A
R
cn = T0 v( t ) e à j 2ùnf 0t dt
1
à T0 à ü
2
ü
2 T0 t
T0
1
Aü
= T0 sinc( nf 0ü)
0.9

Amplitude normalized by A/4

0.8

A n T0 0.7

= 4 sinc( 4) for ü = 4 0.6

Fourier series expansion is:

0.5

0.4

P1 A n j 2ùnf 0t
0.3

v( t ) = 4 sinc( 4)e
0.2

à1 0.1

v( t ) is sum of rotating phasors

0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

n
n f 0ü = 4

Sep 13, 2005 CS477: Analog and Digital Communications 2

 Sinusoidal Fourier Series
 For real signals cn = cãà n
P1 P1
v( t ) = cn e j 2ùnf 0t = c0 + ( cn e j 2ùnf 0t + cãn e à j 2ùnf 0t )
à1 n= 1
P1 j (2ùnf 0t+ 6 c n )
P1 à j (2ùnf 0t+ 6 c n )
= c0 + j c n je + jc n je
n= 1 n= 1
P1
= c0 + 2 jcn j cos(2ùnf 0t + 6 cn )
n= 1
P1
= a0 + 2 [a n cos(2ùnf 0t ) + bn sin(2ùnf 0t )]
n= 1
 a n and bn can be expressed in terms of cn
Sep 13, 2005 CS477: Analog and Digital Communications 3
 Parseval’s theorem
 Average power of a periodic signal can be
obtained from its Fourier coefficients
T=2
R
1
P = hjx ( t )j 2i = T jx ( t )j 2dt
à T=2
T=2
R
1
= T x ( t ) x ã ( t ) dt
à T=2
P1 P1
= cn cãn = jc n j 2
à1 à1
 To prove, write the Fourier series expansion

Sep 13, 2005 CS477: Analog and Digital Communications 4

 Fourier Transform
1

v(t ) 0.9

Amplitude normalized by A/4

0.8
A
0.7

0.6
ü ü
à T0 à 2 2 T0 t 0.5

0.4

What if the x-axis in the Fourier 0.3

series represents frequency? 0.2

0.1

• The spectral lines appear at integer 0

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

multiples of fundamental frequency! n f 0ü = n

4
• Separation between two consecutive
spectral lines is equal to f 0 = T10

How does increasing fundamental period affect the

separation between two consecutive spectral lines?  Fourier transform

Sep 13, 2005 CS477: Analog and Digital Communications 5

 Fourier Transform
 Fourier series in the limit
 Represents spectral components of a signal
 Signal uniquely represented in time or
frequency domain
R
1
X (f ) = x ( t ) e à j 2ùf t dt
à1
R
1
x (t ) = X ( f ) e j 2ùf t dt
à1

x (t ) $ X (f )

Sep 13, 2005 CS477: Analog and Digital Communications 6

 Shifting and Scaling Review
x(t ) x(t =b) x(t b)
A A A

a t ab t a=b t

x(t + c) x(t à c) x( à t )
A A A

aà c t a+ c t à a t
x(d à t ) x( tàk ü)
A A

dà a d t ü ü + ak t

Sep 13, 2005 CS477: Analog and Digital Communications 7

 Fourier Transform: Example
1
x ( t ) = rect( t )
à 1 1 t
X ( f ) = sinc( f ) 2 2

A
x (t ) = Arect( üt)
ü ü t
à
X ( f ) = Aüsinc( f ü) 2 2

Sep 13, 2005 CS477: Analog and Digital Communications 8

 Properties of FT
 Linearity x 1( t ) + x 2( t ) $ X 1( f ) + X 2( f )
 Scaling x ( at ) $ j1a jX ( fa )
 Duality X ( t ) $ x (à f )
 Time shifting
x ( t à ü) $ X ( f ) e à j 2ùf ü
 Frequency shifting (modulation)
x ( t ) e j 2ùf ct $ X ( f à f c)

Sep 13, 2005 CS477: Analog and Digital Communications 9

 Properties of FT
 Modulation
ej þ eà j þ
x ( t ) cos(2ùf ct + þ ) $ 2 X (f à f c) + 2 X (f + f c)
 Product and convolution
x ( t ) y( t ) $ X ( f ) ã Y( f )
x ( t ) ã y( t ) $ X ( f ) Y( f )

 More on this under LTI systems

Sep 13, 2005 CS477: Analog and Digital Communications 10

 Properties of FT
 Differentiation
d
dt x ( t ) $ j 2ùf X ( f )
dn
dt n x ( t ) $ ( j 2ùf ) n X ( f )
 Integration
Rü 1
x ( ü) dü $ j 2ùf X ( f )
à1
R
1 R
1
x ( ü) dü = X (0) X ( f ) df = x (0)
à1 à1

Sep 13, 2005 CS477: Analog and Digital Communications 11

 The Dirac Delta Function
 A generalized function
R
1 Rï
î ( t ) dt = î ( t ) dt = 1
à1 àï
R
1
x ( t ) î ( t à t 1) dt = x ( t 1)
à1
R
1
x ( t à t 2) î ( t à t 1) dt = x ( t 1 à t 2)
à1
R
1
x (t ) ã î (t ) = x ( ü) î ( t à ü) dü = x ( t )
à1

Sep 13, 2005 CS477: Analog and Digital Communications 12

 FT of 1 and exponentials
R
1
e j 2ùf t î ( f à f 0) df = e j 2ùf 0t
à1

) e j 2ùf 0t $ î ( f à f 0)

1 $ î (f ) and î (t ) $ 1
Fourier transform of RF Pulse:
x ( t ) = Arect ( üt) cos 2ùf ct
Aü Aü
X (f ) = 2 sinc( f à f c) ü + 2 sinc( f + f c) ü

Sep 13, 2005 CS477: Analog and Digital Communications 13

 Other Functions
Signum Function:
n 1

sgn( t ) = +à 11 t> 0
t< 0 $ 1
j ùf t
à 1

Unit step Function:

u ( t ) = 12(1 + sgn( t )) 1
h i
u ( t ) $ 12 j ùf
1
+ î (f ) t

Sep 13, 2005 CS477: Analog and Digital Communications 14

 FT of Periodic Signals
P1 1
R 1
x p( t ) = cn e j 2ùnf 0t
; cn = T0 x p( t ) e à j 2ùnf 0t dt ; f0 = T0
à1 T0
n P1
Let x (t ) = x p(t) jt j< T0=2 ) x p( t ) = x ( t à mT0)
0 else m= à 1

R
1
cn = f 0 x ( t ) e à j 2ùnf 0t dt = f 0X ( nf 0)
à1
P1
x p( t ) = f 0 X ( nf 0) e j 2ùnf 0t
n= à 1
P1
x p( t ) $ f 0 X ( nf 0) î ( f à nf 0)
n= à 1

Sep 13, 2005 CS477: Analog and Digital Communications 15

 FT of Periodic Signals
P1
x p( t ) = î ( t à mT0)
m= à 1 T0
n
j j T0=2 t
Let x ( t ) = x p0(t) t <else

) x ( t ) = î ( t ); and X ( f ) = 1 f0
P1 f
x p( t ) $ f 0 X ( nf 0) î ( f à nf 0)
n= à 1
P1 1
X p( f ) = f 0 î ( f à nf 0) f0 = T0
n= à 1
P1 P1
î ( t à mT0) $ f 0 î ( f à nf 0)
m= à 1 n= à 1

Sep 13, 2005 CS477: Analog and Digital Communications 16