Motion in Two and Three Dimensions

Position and Displacement

Fig. shows a particle with position

vector and rectangular coordinates (3
m, 2 m, 5 m).
If the position vector changes—say,
from to during a certain time interval
—then the particle’s displacement
during that time interval is

Using the unit-vector

Kinematics in two dimensions
 ˆ ˆ
 Position r  xi  yj
  
 Displacement  r  r2  r1  xiˆ  yjˆ
 r
 Average Velocity v
t

 dr
 (Instantaneous) Velocity v
dt
 v
 Average Acceleration a
t

 dv
 (Instantaneous) Acceleration a 
dt
Projectile Motion (Two-dimensional motion):

 A particle moves in a vertical plane with some initial velocity

under the freefall acceleration.
 The initial velocity is .
 The projectile’s position vector and velocity vector change
continuously.
 Its acceleration vector is constant.
 Horizontal acceleration is zero.
 In projectile motion, the horizontal motion and the vertical
motion are independent of each other; that is, neither motion
affects the other.
 The Horizontal Motion
 No acceleration in the horizontal direction.
 At any time t, the projectile’s horizontal displacement from an
initial position is

with .

The vertical component of this skateboarder’s

velocity is changing but not the horizontal
component, which matches the skateboard’s
velocity. As a result, the skateboard stays
underneath him, allowing him to land on it.
The Vertical Motion
 Identical to a particle in free fall i.e. constant acceleration.
 The displacement at any time is

 The velocity at any time is

Equation of path
Eliminating from first equation using x-directional motion, we
arrive at

This is the equation of a parabola, so the path is parabolic.

The Horizontal Range
 The distance the projectile has traveled in the direction in
which a=0.
 The horizontal component yields

 The vertical component yields

 Eliminating t between these two equations yields

 This equation does not give the horizontal distance traveled by

a projectile when the final height is not the launch height.
 When the launch and landing heights differ, as in many sports,
a launch angle of 45° does not yield the maximum horizontal
distance.
 When launch point and target point are not in the same horizontal plane.

Vacuum trajectory of a projectile for different launch angles. Launch speed is the same for all angles, 50  m/s if "g" is 10 m/s2.
 When launch point and target point are not in the same horizontal plane.

Vacuum trajectory of a projectile for different launch angles. Launch speed is the same for all angles, 50  m/s if "g" is 10 m/s2.
A Great Student Rouser
In Fig, a blowgun G using a ball
as a projectile is aimed directly
at a can suspended from a
Assignment
magnet M. Just as the ball #leaves
01 due date 22/09/2017
the blowgun, the can is released.
The ballQuestion:
always hits the can!
During Show
the time of flight
that if theofcan the is released at the same
ball, both ball and can fall the
time when
same distance h the
fromball is blown, the can and ball
their
will strike
locations. The eachharderother.the
demonstrator blows, the greater
is the ball’s initial speed, the
shorter the flight time and the
smaller the value of h.
EXAMPLE 1:
Let’s work an example that is a launch angle different from 0, but it returns to the same
height that it is launched.
A pirate ship is 560m from a fort defending the harbor entrance of an island. A defense
cannon, located at sea level, fires balls at initial speed v 0 = 82 m/s. At what angle from
the horizontal must a ball be fired to hit the ship?
 x  v0 x t  v0 cos  t This equation only works if
We need an expression for time, t
1
the projectile returns to the
h  y  y0  v0 y t  gt 2 same height that it was
2
since the projectile will return to the launched!!!
same height that it left from,
h = y –y0 = 0
1 1
0  v0 y t  gt 2  v0 sin  t  gt 2
2 2
from here we can solve for time, t.
1 2v sin 
gt  v0 sin   gt  2v0 sin   t  0
2 g v02
now substitute this back into: x  sin 2
g
x  v0 cos  t
gx 9.8m / s 2 560m
 2v0 sin   2v02 sin 2  2 
 v0 cos     cos  sin  v0 82m / s 2
 g  g
from trigonometry:  0.816

sin 2  2 sin  cos  2  sin 1 0.816

 54.6 or 180  54.6  125.3
v02
x  sin 2   27 o or 63o
g
EXAMPLE 2:
Find out the horizontal range and the final velcity of the projectile thrown from a cliff
in the following problem.
h=1m v0 = 2 m/s θ= 0

x  v0 x t
1 2
h  v0 y t  gt
2
1 2
v0 y  0  h gt
2
1 2
h gt solve for time, t
2
2h 2h
2h  g t 2  t2   t
g g

Now that we have an expression for time, we can find the range x.
 x  v0 x t
2h
t
g
2h m 21m
x  v0 x 2  0.9 m
g s 9.8 m
s2

Lets find the final velocity vf now

  
v f  v fx x  v fy y v fy  v0 y  gt
vf  v   v 
fx
2
fy
2

  m
v f  v fx   v fy   0   9.8 2 0.45s 
2 2 2 2
 s   m  m
  2    4 .5 
m  4.5
m  s  s
v fx  v0 x  2 s
s m
 4.8
v fy  ?? s
EXAMPLE 3: Problem 28:
Now let’s look at an example of projectile motion where the projectile lands at a
different elevation from it’s launch height.

A stone is projected at a cliff of height h with an initial speed of 42 m/s directed at

angle θ0 = 600 above the horizontal. The stone strikes A 5.5 s after launching.
Find: h, the speed of the stone just before impacting A, and the maximum height H
reached above the ground.
 v0= 42 m/s

Let’s start by finding the v and y

components of the initial velocity, v0
= 600

Total time, t = 5.5 s

v0 y  m m
sin    v0 y  v0 sin    42  sin 600  36.4
v0  s s
v0 x  m m
cos   v0 x  v0 cos   42  cos 600  21
v0  s s

m m
v0 y  36.4 v0 x  21
s s
Now proceeding with finding the height of the cliff!
1 2  m 1 m
gt   36.4 5.5 s   9.8 2 5.5 s 
2
h  v0 y t 
2  s 2 s 
 200.2m  148.2m  52m
Now let’s try and find the speed
of the rock just before impact. total time, t = 5.5 s

Remember that this will be the v0= 42 m/s vf

magnitude of the final velocity
vector and this vector has both an v0y=36.4 m/s
52m
x and y component. = 60 0

v0x=21 m/s

Because there is no acceleration along the x axis: v 0x=vfx=21 m/s

However in the y-direction there is acceleration so we must find
the y component of the final velocity:

 m  m m
v fy  v0 y  gt   36.4    9.8 2 5.5s  17.5
 s  s  s
The negative sign means the y-component is downward!
2 2
m  m m
vf  v   v 
fy
2
fx
2 
   17.5    21   27.3
 s  s s
 total time, t = 5.5 s

v0= 42 m/s vf=27.3 m/s

v0y=36.4 m/s
52m
= 60 0

v0x=21 m/s

Now let’s find the maximum height, H! To do this you have to know that the instant
the stone is at it’s maximum height the y component of the velocity equals zero, .
Using this

v2fy  v02 y  2 gH  0  v02 y  2 gH

2
 m
36.4 
v02 y  s
2 gH  v02 y  H   67.5m
2g m
2  9.8 2
s
EXAMPLE 4: Problem 91:
During volcano eruptions, chunks of solid rock can be blasted out of the volcano; these
projectiles are called volcanic bombs.
a) At what initial speed would a bomb have to be ejected, at angle θ0=350 to the
horizontal, from the vent at A in order to fall at the foot of the volcano at B, at
vertical distance h=3.3 km and horizontal distance d=9.4 km?
b) How would air resistance change our initial velocity?

= 350

= 3.3 km

= 9.4 km
We have an equation for range, or horizontal v0=??

distance:
= 350

x = 3.3 km
x v 0 x t  v0 cos  0 t  v0 
cos  0 t = 9.4 km

We have, x = 9.4 km, we have θ 0=350 what we need is the time, t, and this is where it
get tricky! Let’s start by using:
1 2 1 2
y  y0  h  v0 y t  gt   h  v0 sin  0 t  gt
2 2
x g m
v0   255.5
cos  0 2x tan  0  h  s

b) We expect the air to provide resistance but no appreciable lift to the rock, so we
would need a greater launching speed to reach the same target.
Problem 49: A football kicker can give the ball an initial speed of 25 m/s.What are the
(a) least and (b) greatest elevation angles at which he can kick the ball to score a field
goal from a point 50 m in front of goalposts whose horizontal bar is 3.44 m above the
ground?
Problem 50: Two seconds after being projected from ground level, a projectile is
displaced 40 m horizontally and 53 m vertically above its launch point. What are the
(a) horizontal and
(b) vertical components of the initial velocity of the projectile?
(c) At the instant the projectile achieves its maximum height above ground level, how
far is it displaced horizontally from the launch point?
Problem 51: A skilled skier knows to jump upward before reaching a downward slope.
Consider a jump in which the launch speed is , the launch angle is , the initial course is
approximately flat, and the steeper track has a slope of . Figure 4-42a shows a prejump
that allows the skier to land on the top portion of the steeper track. Figure 4-42b shows
a jump at the edge of the steeper track.
In Fig. 4-42a, the skier lands at approximately the launch level. (a) In the landing, what
is the angle between the skier’s path and the slope?
In Fig. 4-42b, (b) how far below the launch level does the skier land and (c) what is ,
landing angle? (The greater fall and greater f can result in loss of control in the
landing.)
Problem 52: A ball is to be shot from level ground toward a wall at distance x (Fig. 4-
43a). Figure 4-43b shows the y component of the ball’s velocity just as it would reach
the wall, as a function of that distance x. The scaling is set by m/s and m. What is the
launch angle?

Problem 53: In Fig. 4-44, a baseball is hit at a height h=1.00 m and then caught at the
same height. It travels alongside a wall, moving up past the top of the wall 1.00 s after
it is hit and then down past the top of the wall 4.00 s later, at distance D=50.0 m farther
along the wall.
(a) What horizontal distance is traveled by the ball from hit to catch?
What are the (b) magnitude and (c) angle (relative to the horizontal) of the ball’s
velocity just after being hit?
(b) How high is the wall?