S.D.

JADHAV ENGLISH MEDIUM SCHOOL,

Shaha, Tal. Sinnar, Dist. Nashik

11 Class State Board

th

Chapter 3
*Kingdom Plantae*
L1

MR. PAWAR NAYAN

BIOLOGY EXPERT
 PLANT KINGDOM
Characteristics of Plant Kingdom
Plants are autotrophs, are non-motile.
These are multicellular eukaryotes with
cell wall and has central large vacuoles.
These contain photosynthetic pigments
called chlorophyll in the plastids.
They have different organelles for
anchorage, reproduction, support and
photosynthesis.
They usually reproduce sexually.
 SYSTEM OF BIOLOGICAL
CLASSIFICATION
Artificial System Natural System Phylogenetic System
 Linnaeus’s  George Bentham & Joseph  Based on Evolutionary
Dalton Hooker. relationship among the
organisms.
 Based on vegetative characters  Based on natural affinities  Assumes that organisms in the
or superficial morphological. among organisms. same taxa have a common
ancestor.
 Such as habit, colour, number Includes external features and
and shape of leaves, etc. internal features (anatomy,
embryology)
 E.g. Classification for flowering
plants given by
 PLANT KINGDOM – ALGAE
Characteristics of ALGAE
Algae are chlorophyll-
bearing, simple, thalloid,
autotrophic and largely
aquatic (both fresh water and
marine) organisms.
Other Habitat: moist stones,
soils and wood, fungi (lichen)
and animals (e.g., on sloth
bear)
 PLANT KINGDOM - ALGAE
Characteristics of ALGAE
Algae can be either unicellular or multicellular
organisms.
Algae lack a well-defined body, so structures like
Volvox
roots, stems or leaves are absent
Reproduction in algae occurs in both asexual and
sexual forms
Asexual reproduction occurs by spore formation.
Algae are free-living, although some can form a
symbiotic relationship with other organisms.
 PLANT KINGDOM - ALGAE
EXAMPLE of ALGAE
Microscopic Unicellular Algae:
Chlamydomonas
Colonial Algae: Volvox
Filamentous Algae: Ulothrix and Spirogyra is a
Spirogyra filamentous green alga
Filamentous and similar sized gamete:
Chlamydomonas (Some Species)
Non Flagellated and similar sized
gamete: Spirogyra
Volvox Chlamydomonas
 CLASSIFICATION - ALGAE
Chlorophyceae Phaeophyceae Rhodophyceae
(Green algae) (Brown algae) (Red algae)
Example: Chlamydomonas, Example: Ectocarpus, Dictyota, Example: Polysiphonia,
Volvox, Ulothrix, Spirogyra and Laminaria, Sargassum and Porphyra, Gracilaria and
Chara Fucus Geldium
 REPRODUCTION IN ALGAE
oZoospores: A spore of certain algae, fungi and protozoans
capable of swimming by means of a flagellum.
oIsogamous: Fusion of two gametes similar in size. E.g;
Spirogyra,
oAnisogamous: Fusion of two gametes dissimilar in size. E.g;
Chlamydomonas
oOogamous: Fusion between one large, non-motile (static)
female gamete and a smaller, motile male gemete. E.g;
Volvox, fucus.
PLANT KINGDOM – CHLOROPHYCEAE
(Green Algae)
Unicellular, colonial or Filamentous,
Pigments chlorophyll a & b in chloroplast.
Chloroplasts shape: discoid, plate-like,
reticulate, cup-shaped, spiral or ribbon-
shaped in different species.
Pyrenoids (storage bodies) located in
chloroplasts, contain protein besides starch.
PLANT KINGDOM - CHLOROPHYCEAE
Cell wall: Rigid cell wall made of an
inner cellulose layer and an outer
pectose layer.
Reproduction:
Vegetative reproduction:
fragmentation or spores.
Asexual reproduction: by flagellated
zoospores produced in zoosporangia.
Sexual reproduction: Isogamous,
Anisogamous or oogamous.
PLANT KINGDOM – PHAEOPHYCEAE
(Brown Algae)
Marine forms
Pigments chlorophyll a, c, carotenoids
& xanthophylls.
Reserved food: Complex carbohydrate
(laminarian or mannitol)
Protoplast contains plastids, central
vacuole and nucleus.
Cells have a cellulosic wall covered by
a gelatinous coating of algin.
PLANT KINGDOM - PHAEOPHYCEAE
Plant body is attached to substratum by a
holdfast, and has a stalk (Stipe) and leaf like
photosynthetic organ (frond).
Reproduction:
Vegetative reproduction: fragmentation
Asexual reproduction: Biflagellate zoospores
Sexual reproduction: Isogamous, Anisogamous
or oogamous.
PLANT KINGDOM – RHODOPHYCEAE
(Red Algae)
Marine forms
Pigments chlorophyll a, d, Phycoerythrin
Reserved food: Floridean starch
Reproduction:
Vegetative reproduction: Fragmentation.
Asexual reproduction: Non-motile spores.
Sexual reproduction: Oogamous.
SUMMARY CHART
 MCQs Quiz
1. The classification of algae is based on
a. Types of Pigment b. Nature of cell wall material
c. Nature of reserve food d. All of the above
2. Algae which form motile colony is
a. Volvox b. Nostoc c. Spirogyra d. Chlamydomonas
3. Which one of the following statements concerning the algae is wrong
a. most algae are photosynthetic
b. Algae can be classified according to their pigments
c. All algae are filamentous d. Spirogyra does not produce zoospores
4. Pyrenoids are the centre of formation of
a. Enzymes b. Proteins c. Fats d. Starch
5. Phycology is the study of
a. Algae b. Fungi c. Bacteria d. All the above
L2

BRYOPHYTES
Characteristics of Bryophytes
Bryophytes are non-vascular
terrestrial plants of moist habitats
They are called ‘Amphibians of
Plant Kingdom’.
They are characterised by a
multicellular diploid sporophyte
which lives as a parasite on an
independent multicellular
haploid gametophyte.
 BRYOPHYTES
Characteristics of Bryophytes
Thallus like body, lack true roots, stem
or leaves.
Rhizoids: Unicellular or multicellular
structure that helps to attach to the
substratum
Gametophyte: The main plant body is
haploid produces gametes.
 BRYOPHYTES Male
gametophyte
Characteristics of Bryophytes with
antheridia
Antheridium: Male sex organ
produces antherozoids
Archegonium: Female sex organ
produces eggs
Sporophyte: Multicellular structure
Female
that produces spores through meiosis gametophyte
They are dependent on gametophytes with
archegonia
 CLASSIFICATION OF BRYOPHYTES
HEPATICOPSIDA ANTHOCEROPSIDA BRYOPSIDA
Liverworts Hornworts Mosses
Example: Example: Anthoceros, Example: Funaria,
Marchantia, Riccia, Notothylas, Megaceros Polytrichum and
Sphaerocarpus Sphagnum
 HEPATICOPSIDA
Characteristics of Hepaticopsida
Common name: Liverworts
Gametophytic plant body: May be
thallose or foliose, unicellular rhizoids.
Sex organs: Present on dorsal surface of
thallus
Sporophyte or Sporogonium:
Differentiated into foot, seta and capsule A liverwort –
Marchantia Female
thallus
 HEPATICOPSIDA
Characteristics of Hepaticopsida
Elaters: Generally present,
absent in some like Riccia
Sporogenous tissue: Develops
from endothecium
Dehiscence of Capsule: Irregular

A liverwort –
Marchantia Male
thallus
 ANTHOCEROPSIDA
Characteristics of Anthocerotopsida
Common name: Hornworts
Gametophytic plant body: Thallose,
Unicellular rhizoids
Sex organs: Present on dorsal surface of
thallus
Sporophyte or sporogonium:
Differentiated into foot, short -
meristematic region and capsule.
 ANTHOCEROPSIDA
Characteristics of Anthocerotopsida
Elaters: Pseudoelaters are present
in the capsule
Sporogenous tissue: Develops from
amphithecium and endothecium
forms sterile columella
Dehiscence of capsule: Irregular
 BRYOPSIDA
Characteristics of Bryopsida
Common name: Mosses
Gametophytic plant body: Thalloid
protonema and leafy gametophore,
multicellular rhizoids with oblique septa
Sex organs: Develop from the superficial
cells at the apex of leafy gametophore
Sporophyte or sporogonium:
Differentiated into foot, seta and capsule
Mosses – Sphagnum
gametophyte
 BRYOPSIDA
Characteristics of Bryopsida
Elaters: Absent
Sporogenous tissue: Develops
from outer layer of endothecium,
inner layer forms sterile columella
Dehiscence of Capsule: Regular

Mosses – Funaria, gametophyte and

sporophyte
 BRYOPHYTES ECONOMIC
IMPORTANT
Source of food: Mosses provide food for herbaceous mammals, birds
and other animals
Source of Fuel: Sphagnum peat
Used in trans-shipment of living material because of their water
holding capacity.
Along with lichens they are first organisms to colonise on rocks.
Prevent soil erosion: Mosses form dense mats on the soil,
Decompose rocks making the substrate suitable for the growth of high
plants.
 MCQs Quiz
1. Which one of the following is a non-vascular embryophyte
a. Thallophyta b. Bryophyta c. Pteridophyta d. All the above
2. Among the following which is not characteristics features of Bryophyta
a. Motile sperms b. Presence of Archegonium
c. Water essential for fertilization d. Photosynthetically independent sporophyte
3. Which one of the following is true moss
a. Club moss b. Reindeer moss c. Irish moss d. Bogg moss (Sphagnum)
4. Elaters are present in sporogonium of
a. Riccia b. Marchantia c. Selaginella d. Sphagnum
5. One of the following is of considerable economic importance
a. Riccia b. Funaria c. Marchantia d. Sphagnum
L3

PTERIDOPHYTES
Characteristics of Pteridophytes
Habitat: Found in cool, damp, shady places,
Pteridophytes are the first true land plants
They are vascular plants (xylem & phloem).
They show true alternation of generations
Sporophyte has true roots, stem and leaves
 PTERIDOPHYTES
Characteristics of Pteridophytes
The leaves are small (microphylls) as in
Selaginella or large (microphylls) as in ferns.
Young leaves of sporophyte show circinate Young coiled fronds
vernation (fiddleheads)
Spores developed in sporangia are
homosporous or heterosporous
Spoangia are produced in groups on
sporophylls
Sex organs multicellular and jacked Sporangia
 PTERIDOPHYTES
Tracheophyte:
Any plant possessing vascular tissue (xylem and phloem), including ferns,
conifers and flowering plants
Homosporous:
Plants which produce single type of spore which develops into a bisexual
gametophyte having both male and female sex organs.
Example: Pteris, Adiantum (most Pteridophytes)
Heterosporous:
Plants in which the sporophyte produces two kinds of spores (microspore and
megaspore) that develop into unisexual gametophytes, either female or male.
Example: Selaginella Marsilea and Salvinia
 REPRODUCTION IN PTERIDOPHYTES
Sporangia produce spores by
meiosis in spore mother cells.
The spores geminate to give
inconspicuous, small, multicellular,
free-living, mostly photosynthetic
thalloid gametophytes called
prothallus.
The gametophytes bear male and
female sex organs called antheridia
and archegonia
 REPRODUCTION IN PTERIDOPHYTES
Antheridia produces
antherozoids (male gametes)
and archegonia produces egg.
Antherozoids fuses with the
egg to form zygote
Zygote develops to a
multicellular well-
differentiated sporophyte.
Whisk fern,
Psilotum

Club moss, Lycopodium

Horsetail,
Equisetum
Fern, Adiantum
pedotum
CLASSIFICATION OF PTERIDOPHYTES
Psilopsida Lycopsida Sphenopsida Pteropsida
Psilotum Selaginella Equisteum Dryopteris,
(Aquatic), (Xerophytic) Pteris,
Lycopodium Adiantum
(Epiphytic)
 ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
They are used for medical purposes.
They are used as soil-binders.
They are grown as ornamentals.

Azolla (Aquatic Plant)

L4

GYMNOSPERMS
Characteristics of Gymnosperms
Gymnosperms are seed plants that have evolved cones
to carry their reproductive structures.
Xylem lack vessels & phloem lack companion cells.
 GYMNOSPERMS
Characteristics of Gymnosperms
The dominant plant body of gymnosperms is sporophyte
differentiated into root, stem and leaves.
Roots:
Generally have tap roots generally.
Roots of pinus have mycorrhizal association.
Cycas have specialised roots called coralloid roots have
N2-fixing cyanobacteria (Nostoc, Anabaena).
Stem:
Gymnosperms generally have unbranched stem (Cycas).
Some have branched stem – Pinus, Cedrus.
 GYMNOSPERMS
Characteristics of Gymnosperms
Leaves:
Gymnosperms have both simple or
compound leaves.
The leaves are well-adapted to withstand
extremes of temperature, humidity and wind.
Needle like leaves reduce the surface area in
conifers, Thick cuticle, Sunken stomata.
 GYMNOSPERMS
Characteristics of Gymnosperms
Perennial and woody plants
Produces two types of sporophylls, microsporophylls and
megasporophylls
They aggregated to form distinct cones or strobili,
Pollen cones (male cones) and seed cones (female-cones)
respectively.
Female gametophyte contains archegonia.
Pollination is by wind (anemophily).
Male gametophyte produces only two male gametes or
sperms.
Generally one of them is functional.
 GYMNOSPERMS

A female cycad cone A cluster of pine

Seeds
pollen cones
GYMNOSPERM LIFE CYCLE
 GYMNOSPERMS LIFE CYCLE
Male cones give rise to microspores, which produce pollen grains
Female cones give rise to megaspores, which produce ovules.
The pollen tube develops from the pollen grain to initiate fertilization
Pollen grain divides into two sperm cells by mitosis; one of the
sperm cells unites with the egg cell during fertilization.
Once the ovule is fertilized, a diploid sporophyte is produced, which
gives rise to the embryo enclosed in a seed coat of tissue from the
parent plant.
 GYMNOSPERMS LIFE CYCLE
1. Timber: Gymnosperms possess softwood. The same is used in preparation of
light furniture, plywood, packing cases, match sticks, railway sleepers, etc.
2. Paper: A number of gymnosperms woods are used in the manufacture of paper.
They include Picea, Pinus, Larix and Abies.
3. Fibre Boards: Needles of Pinus and other conifers are used in making fibre
boards that are used in making packing cases.
4. Resins: Secreted as semi fluids and solidifies on exposure to air.
Resins is commercially extracted and distilled to obtain turpentine and rosin.
Rosin is used in water proofing, sealing joints and preparation of writing paper.
Turpentine is used as solvent in paints, polishes and wax.
 MCQs Quiz
1. Fruits are not found in gymnosperms plants because
a. They are seedless plants b. They are not pollinated
c. They have no ovary d. Process of fertilization does not take place in them
2. In gymnosperms pollination is exclusively by
a. Animals b. Wind c. Water d. Insects
3. Most of the gymnosperms have
a. Only antheridia b. Both antheridia and archegonia
c. Archegonia but no antheridia d. Both absent
4. In which of the following groups would you place a plant which produces seeds but lacks
flower and fruits.
a. Fungi b. Bryophytes c. Pteridophytes d. Gymnosperms
5. The roots of gymnosperms is
a. Tap root b. Adventitious roots c. Rhizoids d. Rhizophores
 ANGIOSPERMS
L5

Characteristics of Angiosperms
The flowers are the reproductive organs of
angiosperms
The sporophyte is differentiated into stem, roots,
and leaves.
The vascular system had true vessels in the xylem
and companion cells in the phloem.
The stamens (microsporophyll) and the carpels
(megasporophylls) are organized into a structure
called the flower.
Angiosperms are heterosporous, i.e., produce two
kinds of spores, microspore (pollen grains) and
megaspores.
 ANGIOSPERMS
Characteristics of Angiosperms
Pollination is required for the transfer for
pollen.
The flowers undergo doubles and triple
fusion which leads to the formation of
diploid zygote and triploid endosperm.
The production of the endosperm is one
of the greatest advantages of angiosperms.
The endosperm is formed after
fertilization and is a source of food for the
developing seed and seedling.
ANGIOSPERMS - MONOCOTYLEDONS
The seeds have a single cotyledon.
The leaves are simples and the veins are parallel.
This group contains adventitious roots.
Each floral whorl has three members.
It has closed vascular bundles and large in number.
For e.g., banana, sugarcane, lilies, etc.
 ANGIOSPERMS - DICOTYLEDONS
The seeds of these plants have two cotyledons.
They contain tap roots, instead of adventitious roots.
The leaves depict a reticulate venation.
The flowers are tetramerous or pentamerous and vascular bundles
are organized in rings.
For e.g., grapes, sunflower, tomatoes, etc.
 PLANT LIFE CYCLES AND
ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS
Alternation of generation describes a
life cycle in which an organism has
both haploid and diploid multicellular
stages.
Alternation of generation is a type of
life cycle in which subsequent
generation of plant alternate between
diploid and haploid organisms.
 HAPLONTIC – LIFE CYCLE
Sporophytic generation is represented only
by the one-celled zygote and free-living
sporophytes are absent.
Haploid spores are formed by meiosis,
which divide mitotically to form the
gametophyte.
The dominant, photosynthetic phase in such
plants is the free-living gametophyte.
Example- Volvox,, Spirogyra and some
species of Chlamydomonas.
 DIPLONTIC – LIFE CYCLE
Diploid sporophyte is the dominant,
photosynthetic, independent phase of
the plant.
The Gametophytic phase is
represented by the single to few-celled
haploid gametophyte.
For example – Gymnosperms and
angiosperms, algae such as Fucus.
 HAPLO-DIPLONTIC LIFE CYCLE
A dominant, independent,
photosynthetic, thalloid or erect
phase is represented by a haploid
gametophyte and it alternates with
the short lived multicellular
sporophyte.
Example- Bryophytes
Some alga genera such as
Ectocarpus, Polysiphonia, kelps are
haplo-diplontic.
 HAPLO-DIPLONTIC LIFE CYCLE
The diploid sporophyte is
represented by a dominant,
independent, photosynthetic,
vascular plant body.
It alternated with multicellular,
saprophytic/autotrophic,
independent but short-lived
haploid gametophyte.
Example- Pteridophytes.
 MCQs Quiz
1. An angiosperm is different from a gymnosperm in the absence of
a. Vascular tissue b. Ovary c. Seed d. Naked ovule
2. Organisms that exhibit life cycle, in which the haploid adult produces gametes
through ……. And have ……. Life cycle.
a. Mitosis Haplontic b. Meiosis Haplontic
c. Mitosis Haplo-diplontic d. Meiosis Haplo-diplontic
3. Ectocarpus and Polysiphonia, follow which of these life cycle?
a. Haplo-diplontic b. Haplontic d. Diplontic e. None of these
4. Which of these organism follow Haplontic life cycle?
a. Volvox, Spirogyra b. Fucus c. Bryophytes d. Ectocarpus
5. An angiosperm differs from a gymnosperm by possessing
a. Ovule b. Xylem vessels c. Xylem tracheids d. Seed
 MCQs Quiz
1. Which of the following options correctly identifies the plant shown in figure and the group it
belongs to?
a. Selaginella – Pteridophyte b. Sphagnum – Moss
c. Sphagnum – Liverwort d. Funaria – Moss
2. Select the option that correctly identifies A, B and C in the given
figure of female thallus of Marchantia.
a. A-Artheridiophore, B-Gemma cup, C-Rhizoids A
b. Artheridiophore, B-Rhizoids, C-Gemma cup B
c. Archegoniophore, B-Gemma cup, C-Rhizoids
d. Archegoniophore, B-Rhizoids, C-Gemma cup C
3. Select the option that correctly identifies A and B in the given figure. A
a. A-Sporophyte, B-Gametophyte b. A-Gametophyte, B-Sporophyte
c. A-Male shoot, B-Female shoot d. A-Female shoot, B-Male shoot B
4. Identify the plants shown in the figure and select the correct option.
a. A-Sphagnum, B-Dictyota b. A-Selaginella, B-Ginkgo
c. A-Selaginella, B-Salvinia d. A-Cycas, B-Ginkgo
5. Identify the parts labelled A & B in the given figure Equiseum
and select the correct option. A
B
a. A-Strobilus, B-Rhizome b. A-Sporophylls, B-Tuber
c. A-Sporangia, B-Rhizome c. A-Sporophyte, B-Tuber
6. Identify the given figures of algae and select the correct B

option.
a. A-Fucus, B-Polysiphonia b. A-Dictyota, B-Polysiphonia
c. A-Dictyota, B-Porphyra d. A-Porphyra, B-Polysiphonia
7. The algae shown in the figure belong to the class
a. Chlorophyceae b. Phaeophyceae
c. Rhodophyceae d. Cyanophyceae
8. Give is an electron microscopic structure of a bacteriophage. Identify the
unlabelled parts & select the coned option for A. B. C and D
a. A-Head, B-Collar, C-Sheath, D-Tail fibres
b. A-Tail fibres, B-Collar, C-Head, D-Sheath
c. A-Tail fibres, B-Head, C-Collar, D-Sheath
d. A-Sheath, B-Tail fibres, C-Collar, D-Head
9. Study the given figure of structure of TMV (Tobacco Mosaic
Virus) and select the option that correctly identifies
the labellings A and B.
a. A-ssDNA, B-Capsomeres b. A-dsDNA, B-Capsomeres
c. A-ssRNA, B-Capsomeres d. A-dsRNA, B-Tail fibres
10. Select the correct option that correctly identifies the different genera (A, B, C
and D) of kingdom Fungi shown in figure.
a. A-Mucor, B-Saccharomyces, C-Morchella, D-Amanita
b. A-Mucor, B-Saccharomyces, C-Penicillium, D-Agaricus
c. A-Rhizopus, B-Saccharomyces, C-Aspergillus, D-Morchella
d. A-Aspergillus, B-Rhizopus, C-Penicillium, D-Agaricus
11. Refer the given figure of Paramoecium caudatum and select the option that
correctly identifies A, B, C and D
a. A-Cell wall, B-Cilia, C-Contractile vacuole D-Cytostome
b. A-Pellicle, B-Cilia, C-Contractile vacuole, D-Cytostome
c. A-Pellicle, B-Cilia, C-Macromolecules, D-Cytostome
d. A-Pellicle, B-Trichocysts, C-Macromolecules, D-Cytostome
12. Which group of organisms is represented by the given figure?
a. Diatoms b. Dinoflagellates c. Bacteria d. Euglenoids
13. Given figure represents the ultrastructure of typical cyanobacterial cell. Identify the different
parts and select the correct option for A & B
a. A-Naked DNA, B-Thylakoid b. A-Thylakoid, B-Naked DNA
c. A-DNA+Histone, B-Thylakoid d. DNA+Histones, B-80s ribosomes
14. Given figure is of filamentous blue green alga Nostoc, Identify the
parts marked as A & B and select the correct option.
A
a. A-Heterocyst, B-Mucilaginous sheath B
b. A-Vegetative cell, B-Mucilaginous sheath
c. A-Trichomes, B-Cell wall
d. A-Mucilaginous sheath, B-Heterocyst

15. Identify the bacteria based on the shape A B

C D
a. A-Cocci, B-Bacilli, C-Spirilla, D-Vibrio b. A-Cocci, B-Spirilla, C-Bacillia, D-Vibrio
c. A-Bacilli, B-Cocci, C-Spirilla, D-Vibrio d. A-Vibrio, B-Bacilli, C-Spirilla, D-Cocci