Lecture 15 Device Management
Lecture 15 Device Management
So far…
Primary Primary
memory memory Memory
addresses
Device Device 1
addresses Device 2
Separate device Memory-mapped I/Os
addresses
Ways to Access a Device
Disk
platters
Disk Characteristics
Disk heads
Disk
platters
Disk arm
Hard Disk Trivia…
Disk
platters
Disk arm
Track
Disk Characteristics
Disk
platters
Sector
Disk arm
Track
Disk Characteristics
Disk
platters
Sector
Disk arm
Cylinder
Track
Disk Characteristics
Disk heads
Disk
platters
Sector
Disk arm
Cylinder
Track
Zones
Disk Characteristics
Disk
platters
Sector
Disk arm
Cylinder
Track
Zones
More About Hard Drives Than You Ever
Want to Know
Track skew: starting position of each track is
slightly skewed
Minimize rotational delay when sequentially transferring
bytes across tracks
Thermo-calibrations: periodically performed to
account for changes of disk radius due to
temperature changes
Typically 100 to 1,000 bits are inserted between
sectors to account for minor inaccuracies
Disk Access Time
Latency
Seek time + rotational delay
Bandwidth
Bytes transferred / disk access time
Examples of Disk Access Times
Request queue: 3, 6, 1, 0, 7
Head start position: 2
Total seek distance: 1 + 3 + 5 + 1 + 7 =
17 7
6
5
4
Tracks
3
2
1
Time
0
Shortest Seek Distance First
Request queue: 3, 6, 1, 0, 7
Head start position: 2
Total seek distance: 1 + 2 + 1 + 6 + 1 =
10 7
6
5
4
Tracks
3
2
1
Time
0
SCAN
Request queue: 3, 6, 1, 0, 7
Head start position: 2
Total seek distance: 1 + 1 + 3 + 3 + 1 = 9
7
6
5
4
Tracks
3
2
1
Time
0
C-SCAN
Request queue: 3, 6, 1, 0, 7
Head start position: 2
Total seek distance: 1 + 3 + 1 + 7 + 1 =
13 7
6
5
4
Tracks
3
2
1
Time
0
Look and C-Look