Object Oriented Programming (OOP)

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction to Programing Languages

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Computer:- is a device that can perform computations
and make logical decisions phenomenally faster than
human beings can.
It is electronic device for storing and processing data,
typically in binary form, according to instructions given to
it in a variable program

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 computer

Hardware Software
Using programing
Using semiconductor device languages

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 Programming Language
A program:- is a description of a set of actions that we want a
computer to carry out.
A programming language:- is an artificial language used to
write instructions that can be translated into machine
language and then executed by a computer.

Both programming languages and natural languages have:

Syntax (form): how expressions, commands, declarations, and other
constructs
must be arranged to make a well‐formed program.
Semantics (meaning): how a well‐formed program may be expected to behave
when executed on a computer.
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 Programming Languages

 Computers do not understand human languages, so you

need to use computer languages to communicate with
them.
 Programs are written using programming language.
• We can classify programing languages as:-
I. Machine language
II. Assembly language
III. High level language
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 Machine language
• Machine language is a collection of binary digits or bits that the
computer reads and interprets.
• Machine language is the only language a computer is capable of
understanding. The exact machine language for a program or action
can differ by operating system on the computer. Program with
native machine language is a tedious process.
• Below is an example of machine language (binary) for the text
"Hello World"
• 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100000
01010111 01101111 01110010 01101100 01100100
• Machine language have fast execution time and machine dependent.
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 Assembly languages
• Assembly languages were developed to make programming easy.
• They have the same structures and set of commands as machine language,
but allow a programmer to use names instead of numbers
• This language is still useful for programmers when speed is necessary or
when they need to carry out an operation that Is not possible in high-level
languages.
• Assembly languages generally lack high-level conveniences such as
variables and functions, and they are not portable between various families
of processors..
• Assembly languages are comprised of a set of elemental commands which
are tied to a specific processor (machine dependent).

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• Since the computer cannot understand .code
assembly language, however, a program mov ax,@data
called assembler is used to convert assembly mov ds,ax
language programs into machine code. mov ax,opr1
mov bx,opr2
clc
• For example, to add two numbers, you might add ax,bx
write an instruction in assembly code like mov di,offset result
this. mov [di], ax
.model small mov ah,09h
mov dx,offset result
.data
int 21h
opr1 dw 1234h mov ah,4ch
opr2 dw 0002h int 21h
result dw 01 dup(?),
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 High-Level Language
• The high-level languages are English-like and easy to learn
and program.
• For example, the following is a high-level language
statement that computes the area of a circle with radius 5:
area = 5 * 5 * 3.1415;

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 Popular High-Level Languages
COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language)
FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation)
BASIC (Beginner All-purpose Symbolic Instructional
Code)
Pascal (named for Blaise Pascal)
Ada (named for Ada Lovelace)
C (whose developer designed B first)

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 Popular High-Level Languages…
Visual Basic (Basic-like visual language developed
by Microsoft)
Delphi (Pascal-like visual language developed by
Borland)
C++ (an object-oriented language, based on C)
C# (a Java-like language developed by Microsoft)
Java (object-oriented language ,We will learn in
this course)

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Programming languages are used to solve problems
using computers in various domains such as:
Scientific Applications
Business Applications
Artificial Intelligence
Systems Programming
Web Applications

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 Scientific Applications
 The first digital computers, which appeared in the 1940s, were used and
in fact invented for scientific applications.
 Typically, scientific applications have relatively simple data structures but
require large numbers of floating-point arithmetic computations.
 The most common data structures are arrays and matrices
 The most common control structures are counting loops and selections
 The first language for scientific applications was Fortran (FORmula
TRANslation), created by Corrado Böhm in 1951, for his PhD thesis
 Others (e.g., Cobol, Lisp, Ada) are too specialized to adapt
for scientific use.
 Matlab is widely used in university settings
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 Business Applications
 Special computers were developed for business application
purpose, along with special languages.
 Business languages are characterized by facilities for
 Producing elaborate reports
 Precise ways of describing and storing decimal
numbers and character data
 The ability to specify decimal arithmetic
operations
Example: COBOL …
Java….JavaScript. ...C# ...C+
+ ...Python. ...PHP. ...Ruby .
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 Artificial Intelligence

is the study of human intelligence such that it can be

replicated artificially.
 is the search for a way to map intelligence into
mechanical hardware and enable a structure into that
system to formalize “thought”.
 Python is one of the most widely used
programming languages in the AI field of Artificial
Intelligence thanks to its simplicity. Java is also a
great choice. ...Lisp. ...Prolog. ...C++…use in this
area.

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 Systems Programming
 The operating system and all of the programming
support tools of a computer system are
collectively known as its systems software.
 Systems software is used almost continuously and
so it must be efficient.
 Assembly language and C language are mostly
used in this area.

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 Web Applications
A web application or "web app" is a software program that
runs on a web server and accessed through a web browser.
Web app languages:
 Java
 Phyton
 PHP
 JavaScript
 Ruby
 ……

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What Are the Top Programming Languages?
• According to IEEE Spectrum's interactive ranking, Python is
the top programming language of 2017, followed by C, Java
and C++.
• Of course, the choice of which language to use depends on
the type of computer the program is to run on, what sort of
program it is, and the expertise of the programmer.

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IEEE Spectrum Interactive Ranking (2017)

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 Programming paradigm
• A programming paradigm is a fundamental style of computer
programming.
• Programming paradigms differ in:
• the concepts and abstractions used to represent the elements of
a program (such as objects, functions, variables, constraints,
etc.)
• the steps that compose a computation (assignation, evaluation,
data flow, control flow, etc.).

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 Cont..
• Some languages are designed to support one particular paradigm
• Smalltalk supports object-oriented programming
• Haskell supports functional programming
• Other programming languages support multiple paradigms
• Object Pascal, C++, C#, Visual Basic, Common Lisp, Scheme,
Perl, Python, Ruby, Oz and F#.
• The design goal of multi-paradigm languages is to allow
programmers to use the best tool for a job, admitting that no one
paradigm solves all problems in the easiest or most efficient way.

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 Programing paradigm
»Imperative/procedural : Machine-model based
WHAT DO WE DO NEXT ?
»Functional : Equations; Expression Evaluation
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION’S VALUE ?
»Logical : First-order Logic Deduction
WHEN IS IT TRUE THAT … ?
»Object-Oriented : Programming with Data Types
WHAT ARE THE TERMS OF THE CONTRACT ?

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 Procedural Programming
• This programming paradigm is essentially an
abstraction of machine /assembly language.
• Program is organized around procedures.
• Focus on data structures, algorithms and sequencing
of steps
• Operations are executed one after another in
sequence.

Programs = Algorithm + Data Structure

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 Procedural Programming…
• An algorithm is a set of instructions for solving a
problem
• A data structure is a construct used to organize data
in a specific way.
• Most computer languages, from early examples like
FORTRAN and ALGOL to more recent languages like
C and Ada, have been imperative or procedural.

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Functional Programming
• It treats computation as the evaluation of mathematical
functions and avoids state and mutable data.
• Functional programming is all about expressions.
• Functions are used as objects in FP.
• Functional Programming is about abstraction and reducing
complexity.
• program as a collection of (math) functions
• E.g. LISP, ML, Haskell
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Logic Programming
• It is the use of mathematical logic for computer
programming.
• The problem-solving task is split between the programmer
and theorem- prover.
• To study logic programming means to study proofs.
• It is based upon the fact of a backwards reasoning proof
• Prolog is a general purpose logic programming language
associated with artificial intelligence and computational
linguistics
• It is based on Facts and Rules
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Object Oriented Paradigm
• Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming
paradigm that uses "objects" – data structures consisting of
datafields and methods together with their interactions – to
design applications and computer programs.

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 Object oriented programming
• Object-Oriented Programming is a
methodology or paradigm to design a
program using classes and objects.

• It simplifies the software development

and maintenance by providing the
following concepts:

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 Compilation and Interpretation
Different ways of executing a program
 compilation
 interpretation
Compilation and interpretation are properties of the implementation of a
language
What exactly is compilation?
 In a compiled implementation of a language, a compiler will translate the program directly into code that is specific to
the target machine, which is also known as machine code
 Then the computer will run the machine code on its own.
What exactly is interpretation?
 In an interpreted implementation of a language, the source code is not directly run by the target machine.
 What happens instead is that another program reads and then executes the original source code. 
 This other program is also known as the interpreter.
 The interpreter is usually written specifically for the native machine.
 an interpreter that converts the intermediate code into machine specific code.
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 The compilation process
Preprocessing:
• Removing comments
• Syntax checking
• Parsing: break up a sentence/group of
word
 Compiling: generates assembly language,
an intermediate human readable language,
specific to the target processor.
• Assembly: The assembler will convert the
assembly code into pure binary code or
machine code (0 and 1). This code is also
known as object code.
• Linking: The linker merges all the object
code from multiple modules into a single one.

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 Runtime environment
• A software program needs to execute, and to do that it needs an
environment to run in.
• Runtime environment is a state of the target machine, which may include
software libraries, environment variables, etc., to provide services to the
processes running in the system.
• By runtime, we mean a program in execution.
• The runtime environment loads class files and ensures there is access to
memory and other system resources to run them.
• When it was first introduced, Java's "write once, run anywhere (WORA"
principle was considered revolutionary, but today it's been adopted as a
norm for most software systems.

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 Java Runtime Environment(JRE)
• The JRE is a software layer that runs on top of a computer's operating
system, providing additional services specific to Java.
• JRE contains the Java class libraries, the Java class loader, and the Java
Virtual Machine. In this system:
• The class loader is responsible for correctly loading classes and connecting them
with the core Java class libraries.
• The JVM is responsible for ensuring Java applications have the resources they
need to run and perform well in your device or cloud environment and ensures
dependencies are available to your Java programs
• The JRE is mainly a container for those other components, and is responsible for
orchestrating their activities.
• The JRE smoothes over the diversity of operating systems, ensuring that
Java programs can run on virtually any OS without modification.
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A layered architectural view shows that the JRE contains the
JVM, class loader, and Java class libraries

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 Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
• Java IDE is a software application that enables users to write and debug Java
programs more easily.
• Most IDEs have features such as syntax highlighting and code completion that helps
users to code more easily.
• Usually, Java IDEs include a code editor, a compiler, a debugger, and an
interpreter that the developer may access via a single graphical user interface. 
• The following are the best Java IDEs that are mostly used in the world:
• NetBeans
• Eclipse
• NetBeans
• IntelliJ IDEA…..

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 Overview of OO principles
Object
Class
Inheritance
Polymorphism
Abstraction
Encapsulation

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 Object

• Any entity that has state and behavior is

known as an object.
• For example: chair, pen, table, keyboard,
can all be viewed as objects
• State is represented by attributes and relationships.
• Behavior is represented by operations, methods, and
state machines. It determines how an
object acts and reacts.

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 Class…
• A class is a definition of objects of the same
kind.
• In other words, a class is a blueprint,
template, or prototype that defines and
describes the static attributes and dynamic
behaviors common to all objects of the same
kind.
• E.g. mango, apple and orange are members of
the class fruit.

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 Inheritance
• Inheritance : a way of organizing classes
• Term comes from inheritance of traits like
eye color, hair color, and so on.
• Classes with properties in common can be
grouped so that their common properties
are only defined once.
• Is an “is a kind of” relationship

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 Inheritance…
• The mechanism of deriving a new class
from an old class is called inheritance
or derivation. 
• The old class is known as base class (super
class) while new class is known as derive
class or sub class.

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 Polymorphism
Polymorphism is a Greek term which means ability
to take more than one form.
• For example, + is used to make sum of two numbers
as well as it is used to combine two strings.
• This is known as operator overloading because same
operator may behave differently on different
instances.
• Same way functions can be overloaded.
For example, sum () function may takes two argume
nts or three arguments etc. i.e
sum (5, 7)  or sum (4, 6, 8).
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 Polymorphism…
Analogy:
• In English, bank can mean side of a river or a
place to put money
• In Java, two or more classes could each have a
method called output
• Each output method would do the right
thing for the class that it was in.
• One output might display a number whereas
a different one might display a name.
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 Abstraction
• Refers to the act of representing important
description without including the background
details or explanations.
Abstraction:
Emphasizes relevant characteristics.
Suppresses other characteristics
Data abstraction
is a programming (and design) technique that r
elies on the separation of interface
and implementation. Example: phone call, we
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 Encapsulation
• Encapsulation means to design, produce, and
describe software so that it can be easily used
without knowing the details of how it works.
Also known as information hiding
• “Encapsulation is a process of binding data
members (variables, properties) and member
functions (methods) into a single unit”.

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Encapsulation…
Analogy:
√When you drive a car, you don’t have
know the details of how many cylinders
the engine has or how the gasoline and
air are mixed and ignited.
√Instead you only have to know how to use
the controls.
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 Procedural Vs Object-Oriented
• Emphasis on data
procedural
abstraction.
abstraction.
• Bottom-up
Top-down design;
design;
Step-wiselibraries.
Reusable refinement.
• Suited for programming in the large.
small.

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 Q
End of
chapter
one
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