Lecture 08:

ARITHMETIC EXPRESSIONS

1
Lecture 08 Objectives

In this lecture, we will learn about:

• Built-in C++ operators for specific

mathematical or logical manipulations.

• The evaluation of operators in arithmetic

expressions according to operator precedence

• Writing expressions using the mathematical

operators.
Lecture 08 Contents

8.1 Introduction
8.2 Operators in C++
8.3 Summary
Lecture 08 8.1 Introduction

• An expression is a programming statement that has a value.

• Expressions include arithmetic expressions that express the

results in numeric values i.e. integer and floating-point
numbers.

• Expressions comprise operators and operands.

• Operator describes the operation to be performed
• The operation is performed on the operands
Lecture 08 8.1 Introduction

• Most C++ programs perform calculations using the arithmetic

operators

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I
Deitel, H.M. and Deitel, P.J (2013). C How to Program 7/E. United State of America: Pearson Education.
Lecture 8 Contents

8.1 Introduction
8.2 Operators in C++
• Operators precedence
• Sample algebraic and C++
expression
8.3 Summary
Lecture 8 8.2 Operators in C++

• An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform

specific mathematical or logical manipulations on data.

• Built-in C++ operators are of following types:

• Arithmetic operators
• Assignment operators
• Relational operators
• Logical operators
• Increment / Decrement operators
• Bitwise operators
Lecture 8 8.2 Operators in C++
Arithmetic operators

Assume, int a = 4, b = 5, d;

Arithmetic Value of d after

Operation C++ Expression
Operator assignment

Addition + d = a + b 9

Substraction - d = b - 2 3

Multiplication * d = a * b 20

Division / d = a/2 2

Modulus % d = b%3 2
Lecture 8 8.2 Operators in C++

Assignment operators

Assume, int x = 4, y = 5, z = 8;
Assignment Sample Equivalent Value of variable
Operator Expression Expression after assignment

+= x += 5 x = x + 5 x = 9

-= y -= x y = y - x y = 1

*= x = x * z
x *= z x = 32

/= z /=2 z = z / 2 z = 4

%= y %=x y = y % x y = 1
Lecture 8 8.2 Operators in C++

Relational operators

Assume, int y = 6, x = 5;
Relational Operators Sample Expression Value

> y > x T
< y < 2 F
>= x >= 3 T
<= y <= x F
== x == 5 T

!= y ! = 6 F
Lecture 8 8.2 Operators in C++

Logical operators

Logical Operators Name Sample Operation

&& AND expression1 && expression 2

|| OR expression1 || expression2

! NOT ! (expression)

Expression !Expression Sample Expression

Assume,
int x = 50; F T !(x == 60)

T F !(x != 60)
Lecture 8 8.2 Operators in C++

Example: Assume, int x = 4, y = 5, z = 8;

Expression1 &&
Expression1 Expression2 Sample Expression
Expression2

F F F (y > 10) && (z <= x)

F T F (z <= y) && (x == 4)

T F F (y != z) && (z < x)

T T T (z >= y) && (x != 3)
Lecture 8 8.2 Operators in C++

Example: Assume, int x = 4, y = 5, z = 8;

Expression1 ||
Expression1 Expression2 Sample Expression
Expression2

F F F (y > 10) || (z <= x)

F T T (z <= y) || (x == 4)

T F T (y != z) || (z < x)

T T T (z >= y) || (x != 3)
Lecture 8 8.2 Operators in C++

Increment / Decrement operators

Sample Equivalent
Operator Explanation
Name Expression Expression

Increment a by 1, then use

a = a +1
++a the new value of a in the
++ preincrement   expression in which a is
a += 1 being used
Use the current value of a
a = a +1
postincrement a++ in the expression in which
++   a is being used, then
a += 1 increment a by 1
Decrement a by 1, then
a = a -1
predecrement --a use the new value of a in
--   the expression in which a
a -= 1 is being used
Use the current value of a
postdecrement
a = a -1
a-- in the expression in which
--   a is being used, then
a -= 1 decrement a by 1
Lecture 8 8.2 Operators in C++

Bitwise Operators
• Bitwise AND -> &
• Operand1 & Operand2
• Bitwise OR -> |
• Operand1 | Operand2
• Bitwise NOT -> ~
• ~Operand
Lecture 8 8.2 Operators in C++

Bitwise Operators
• Examples:
Lecture 8 8.2 Operators in C++
Operators precedence

• Parentheses are used in C++ expressions in the same

manner as in algebraic expressions.

• For example, to multiply a with the quantity b + c, we

write a * ( b + c ).

• C++ rules of operator precedence are generally the same

as those in algebra.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I
Deitel, H.M. and Deitel, P.J (2013). C How to Program 7/E. United State of America: Pearson Education. (pp.52)
Lecture 8 8.2 Operators in C++

• The rules of operator precedence specify the order C++ uses

to evaluate expressions from left to right.
• Summarized rules of operator precedence for the operators:

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I
Deitel, H.M. and Deitel, P.J (2013). C How to Program 7/E. United State of America: Pearson Education. (pp.52)
Lecture 8 8.2 Operators in C++

Operators Associative
( ) Left to right
++ -- + - ! Right to left
* / % Left to right
+ - Left to right
< <= > >= Left to right
= = != Left to right
&& Left to right
| | Left to right
= *= += - = Right to left
/= %=
Lecture 8 8.2 Operators in C++

• Example : Evaluation of the operator precedence rules

y = a * x * x + b * x + c;

• The circled numbers under the statement indicate the order

in which C performs the operations

• Suppose variables a, b, c and x in the preceding second-

degree polynomial are initialized as follows:
a = 2 b = 3 c = 7 x = 5
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I
Deitel, H.M. and Deitel, P.J (2013). C How to Program 7/E. United State of America: Pearson Education. (pp.52)
Lecture 8 8.2 Operators in C++

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I
Deitel, H.M. and Deitel, P.J (2013). C How to Program 7/E. United State of America: Pearson Education. (pp.52)
Lecture 8 8.2 Operators in C++

Example 1: Example 2:
int a=10,b=20,c=15,d=8,e; int a=15, b=6, c=5, d=4;
e=a*b/(-c*31%13)*d d *= ++b – a/3 + c

1. e=a*b/(-15*31%13)*d 1. d *= ++b – a/3+ c

2. e=a*b/(-465%13)*d 2. d*=7- a/3+c
3. e=a*b/(-10)*d 3. d*=7- 5+c
4. e=200/(-10)*d 4. d*=2 + c
5. e= -20*d 5. d*= 7
6. e= -160 6. d = d*7
7. d = 28
Lecture 8 8.2 Operators in C++

Activity 8.1: Solve the following expressions.

Lecture 8 8.2 Operators in C++

Activity 8.2: Solve the following expressions.

Lecture 8 8.2 Operators in C++

Assume, int a = 9, b = 2, c = 6, d = 10;

solve the statement,
a * b / c + 4 > d != 3 * c % a;
based on the operator precedence. Show your steps.
Solution:
step operator
0 9 * 2/6+4>10 != 3 * 6 % 9
1 * 18 /6+4>10 != 3 * 6 % 9
2 / 3 +4>10 != 3 * 6 % 9
3 * 3 +4>10 != 18 % 9
4 % 3 +4>10 != 0
5 + 7 >10 != 0
6 > 0 != 0
7 != 0
Lecture 8 8.2 Operators in C++
Sample algebraic and C++ Expressions

• Example: The following expression calculates the arithmetic

mean (average) of five terms.

• The parentheses are required to group the additions

because division has higher precedence than addition.
• The entire quantity ( a + b + c + d + e ) should be
divided by 5.
• If the parentheses are erroneously omitted, we obtain
a + b + c + d + e / 5, which evaluates incorrectly
as:

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I
Deitel, H.M. and Deitel, P.J (2013). C How to Program 7/E. United State of America: Pearson Education. (pp.52)
Lecture 8 8.2 Operators in C++

• Example: The following expression is the equation of a

straight line:

• No parentheses are required because the multiplication

evaluated first as its precedence higher than addition.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I
Deitel, H.M. and Deitel, P.J (2013). C How to Program 7/E. United State of America: Pearson Education. (pp.52)
Lecture 8 8.2 Operators in C++

Activity 8.3: Write the following algebraic expressions as a C+

+ statement.

a) .

b) .

c) .
Lecture 8 8.2 Operators in C++

Solution 8.3:

a) (b*b)-(4*a*c)

b) (a+b)/(c+d)

c) 1/(1+(x*x))
Lecture 8 Contents

8.1 Introduction
8.2 Operators in C++
8.3 Summary
Lecture 8 8.3 Summary

• Computation of the data needs specific mathematical or

logical manipulations.

• The arithmetic expressions are operated according to

the rules of operator precedence.

• Parenthesis are often required to convert algebraic

expressions into C++ expressions