Permeability and Seepage: Course Code: Course Title: Credit Hours

Permeability and Seepage
Course Code: CE 1115

Course Title: Permeability and Seepage
Credit Hours: 3
Lecture: 3
Presented by:
Md. Tanvir Ahmed
Lecturer
Dept. of Civil Engineering
World University of Bangladesh
Outline of the lecture:
 Three Phase System of Soil

 Properties of soil.
Three Phase System of Soil
Properties of soil
Weight of water, Ww
1. Water content (w) = X 100
Weight of solids, Wd
It is also called moisture content of soil and
always expressed in percentage (%).
2. Density of Soil (ρ): It is defined as the mass of

the soil per unit volume
Mass of solids, M d
Density of Solids (ρs) =
Volume of solids, Vs
It is expressed in terms of g/cm3 , Kg/m3
Mass of solids, Md
Dry Density (ρd) =
Total volume, V
Total mass of the soil, M
Bulk Density of soil (ρ) =
Total volume, V
Saturated density (ρsat): When the soil mass is saturated
its bulk density is called saturated density.
Submerged density (ρ´): The submerged density is the
submerged mass of soil solids per unit of total volume of
the soil mass.
3. Unit weight of Soil (ϒ): It is defined as the
weight of the soil per unit volume.
Total wt. of the soil, W
Bulk unit wt. of soil (ϒ) =
Total volume, V
Dry wt. of solids, Wd
Dry unit wt. of Soil (ϒd) =
Total Volume, V
Weight of solids, Wd
Unit wt. of solids (ϒs) =
Volume of solids, Vs
Saturated unit weight (ϒsat): When the soil mass is
saturated its bulk unit weight is called saturated unit
weight.
Submerged unit weight (ϒ´): The submerged unit weight is
the submerged weight of soil solids (Wd)sub per unit of
total volume of the soil mass.
(Wd)sub
ϒ´ =
V
ϒ´ = ϒsat - ϒw
Unit weight of water,

ϒw = 1 g/cc
= 62.4 lb/ft3
= 9.81 kN/m3
4. Specific gravity (G): It is the ratio of the weight
of a given volume of soil solids at a given
temperature to the to the weight of an equal
volume of distilled water at that temperature,
both weights are taken in air.
ϒs
G =
ϒw
In other words, it is the ratio of the

unit weight soil solids to that of
water.
VOID RATIO:
Void ratio , e of a given soil sample is the ratio of the volume of voids
to the volume of soil solids in the given soil mass.
e= .
POROSITY:
The porosity “n” of a given soil mass is the ratio of volume of voids to
the total volume of the given soil mass.
n=
Permeability and Seepagenics
RELATION BETWEEN VOID RATIO AND POROSITY:
By the definition of porosity –

n = = ------------- (1) (fig:1)
By the definition of void ratio -
e = = ------------- (2) (fig:2)
DEGREE OF SATURATION (Sr):
The degree of saturation is defined as the
ratio of the volume of water present in a
given soil mass to the total volume
of voids in it.
Sr =
The degree of saturation is usually

expressed as a percentage and
is also known as percent saturation.

For a fully saturated sample , Vw = Vv and hence , Sr = 1.

For a perfectly dry sample , Vw = 0 and hence , Sr = 0.
PERCENTAGE AIR VOIDS (na):
Percentage air voids , ‘na’ is defined
as the ratio of the volume of air
voids to the total volume of the
soil mass and is expressed as percentage.

na = × 100

AIR CONTENT (ac):
The air content is defined as
the ratio of volume of air
voids to the volume of voids.
ac =
= [as, va = vv – vw ]
= 1 - = 1 – Sr [as, Sr = ]
RELATIVE INDEX (ID):
The relative index is defined as the ratio of the difference between the voids ratio of
the soil in its loosest state, emax and its natural voids ratio, e to the difference
between the voids ratios in the loosest, emax and densest, emin state. It is also known
as relative index or density index or degree of density.
ID = where, emax = void ratio in the loosest state.
emin = void ratio in the densest state.
e = natural void ratio.
When the natural state of the cohesionless
soil is in its loosest form –
Then, e = emax and hence ID = 0.
When the natural state deposit
is in its densest state –
Then e = emin and hence ID = 1.
For any intermediate state , the density index varies between 0 to 1.

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Permeability and Seepage

Course Code: CE 1115

Outline of the lecture:

 Three Phase System of Soil

2. Density of Soil (ρ): It is defined as the mass of

Unit weight of water,

In other words, it is the ratio of the

By the definition of porosity –

The degree of saturation is usually

For a fully saturated sample , Vw = Vv and hence , Sr = 1.

For any intermediate state , the density index varies between 0 to 1.

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