COMP-111

Programming Fundamentals

1
 About the instructor
• Dr. Saad Qayyum
• 2005 – BS (Computer Engineering) – COMSATS Abbottabad
• 2007 – MS (Microelectronics Systems Design) – University of Southampton, UK
• 2019 – PhD (Electrical Engineering) – RWTH Aachen University, Germany

• Research Interests:
• Embedded Systems
• Circuit design for wireless and wireline communications
• Circuit Design for biomedical systems
 About the Course
• Course Title: Programming Fundamentals
• Course Code: COMP-111
• Credit Hours: 3
• Text Book:
– C++ Programming by Deitel and Deitel, 10th Edition (2017)
• Consultation Hours:
– Section 1: Tuesday 3 pm to 4 pm
– Section 2: Thursday 3 pm to 4 pm
Lecture 1 Lecture Objectives

In this lecture, you will learn about:

• The sinusoidal teaching philosophy

• The need of programming

• Introduction to Scratch programming

environment
Lecture 1 Contents

1.1 Teaching Philosophy

1.2 Problem Solving using Machines
1.3 What is a Computer System?
1.4 Programming Languages
1.5 Summary
Lecture 1 Contents

1.1 Teaching Philosophy

1.2 Problem Solving using Machines
1.3 What is a Computer System?
1.4 Programming Languages
1.5 Summary
Lecture 1 1.1 Teaching Philosophy

• Two important tips

• Break the glass
• The missing link. But it’s never too late
• Sinusoidal teaching philosophy
• Think big
• Slide down to the basic level
• Ramp up to where we looked in the beginning
This course will enable you to …
Lecture 1 Contents

1.1 Teaching Philosophy

1.2 Problem Solving using Machines
1.3 What is a Computer System?
1.4 Programming Languages
1.5 Summary
Lecture 1 1.2 Problem solving using machines

Figure: Programming used to solve problem

Lecture 1 Contents

1.1 Teaching Philosophy

1.2 Problem Solving using Machines
1.3 What is a Computer System?
1.4 Programming Languages
1.5 Summary
Lecture 1 1.3 What is a Computer System

Components of a Computer System

• Hardware: physical parts of the
programmable machine
• Software: set of instructions to make
it do something. Also called a
program. The program may make
the computer act smart or dumb
• Programmer: person who writes
instructions (programs) to make
computer perform a task as solution
to a problem.
Lecture 1 1.3 What is a Computer System
Hardware
• A basic computer consists of 4 basic components:

(Central Processing Unit)

Input Output
devices devices

Memory

Figure: Computer hardware components

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https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Hardware#/media/File:Computer2.png
Lecture 1 1.3 What is a Computer System
Software

Figure: The general process to solve a problem using computer

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https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Programming.png
Lecture 1 1.3 What is a Computer System
Data, information and instructions

Memory organized as follows:

Information is stored in bits or binary digits.
Bit: Smallest piece of memory with values 0 (off, false) or 1
(on, true)
Byte: 8 consecutive bits. Bytes have addresses.

The number 149 is stored in the byte (10010101) with the

address 16, and the number 72 (01001000) is stored at
address 23.
Lecture 1 Contents

1.1 Teaching Philosophy

1.2 Problem Solving using Machines
1.3 What is a Computer System?
1.4 Programming Languages
1.5 Summary
Lecture 1 1.4 Programming Languages
Introduction

A program may be written in various programming languages,

some directly understandable by computer and others requiring
intermediate translation steps.
We start with an algorithm, which is a set of well-defined steps.

Example: Step 1: Determine the first number; call it A

Algorithm for Step 2: Determine the second number; call it B
calculating the Step 3: Determine the third number; call it C
average of 3 Step 4: Find the sum of A,B and C; call it X
numbers. Step 5: Divide X by 3; call it the RESULT
Step 6: Present the RESULT

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

1
Deitel, H.M. and Deitel, P.J (2013). C How to Program 7/E. United State of America: Pearson Education.
Lecture 1 1.4 Programming Languages

Figure: Hierarchy of programming languages 1

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Lecture 1 1.4 Programming Languages

• Phases (2) to (4) are often performed by a single command or

button click.
• Errors detected at any step will prevent execution of following
steps.
Source Code Object Code

Preprocessor Compiler Linker

Phase 2: Phase 3: Phase 4:

Modified Executable
Source Code Code

Figure: Steps in producing an executable code

Lecture 1 1.4 Programming Languages

Program Development Environment

• A programming system generally consists of following parts:

o A development environment called IDE
o The standard library
Lecture 1 1.4 Programming Languages

Integrated Development Environments (IDEs)

An IDE, combines all the tools

needed to write, compile, and
debug a program into a single
software application.

Examples: Dev C++, Microsoft

Visual C++, Borland C++
Builder, CodeWarrior, etc. Figure: Integrated Development
Environments (IDE)
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http://theteacher.info/websites/gcse_comp/WebPages/A451_CompSys/217_Programming/ProgLang/f/f.html
Lecture 1 1.4 Programming Languages

Figure: Example of IDE using Borland C++

Lecture 1 1.4 Programming Languages

Scratch Programming Environment

• A drag and drop programming environment

o Developed at MIT: https://scratch.mit.edu
• Installed using an executable or online (requires internet)
• You may
o Write new programs from scratch
o Edit existing projects according to your needs
• Example projects
Lecture 1 Contents

1.1 Teaching Philosophy

1.2 Problem Solving using Machines
1.3 What is a Computer System?
1.4 Programming Languages
1.5 Summary
Lecture 1 1.5 Summary

In this lecture, you have learnt:

• About basic computer concepts, hardware and

software components for program development.

• A programmer uses programming languages to write a

program rather than coding in machine language.

• Scratch programming environment.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (2013). C How to Program 7/E. United

State of America: Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall
Lecture 1

Self-Review
Lecture 1 Self-Review

Exercise: Fill in the blanks.

a) Computers process data under the control of sequences of

instructions called computer __________.
b) __________ languages are most convenient to programmer
for writing a program quickly and easily.
c) The only language a computer can directly understand is
_________.
d) Computer programs are normally typed using a(n)
__________ program.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________* Paul, D. and Harvey, D. (2013). C How to Program 7/E.
I
Deitel, H.M. and Deitel, P.JUnited
(2013).State
C Howof America: Pearson
to Program Education,
7/E. United StateInc., publishing
of America: as Prentice
Pearson Hall
Education.
Lecture 1 Self-Review

e) The ______________ translates a(n)_______________

language program into a machine language program.
f) A(n) ______________provides access to the
programmer for editing, compiling, and so on.
g) Before linking, a machine language program is saved on
the disk as a(n) ___________ file.
h) After linking, a machine language program is saved on
disk as a(n) ___________ file.