2.1. Theory of Hoisting Equipment Classification Is Based On Various Characteristics Such As Movement and Purpose

2.
Hoisting equipment
2.1. Theory Of Hoisting Equipment

Classification is based on various characteristics
Such as movement and purpose
There are three main groups of HE having distinctive
feature
I. Hoisting machine: periodic action devices
designed for self lifting gear, and for hoisting and
moving loads
II. Cranes: combination of separate hoisting
mechanism for lifting and/or moving loads
III. Elevators: group of periodic action machine for
raising of loads under guide ways
contd
The main technical parameters of hoisting machines are:
Lifting capacity
Dead weight of machines
Speed of various movements
Lifting height
Geometrical dimension of machines
Hoisting machines are periodic- action machines and
their hourly capacity can be determined from
Qhr =n.Q
where n=number of machines cycle /hour
Q=weight of live loads(tons)
Qhr=hourly capacity(tons/hour)
contd
contd
contd
Flexible hoisting appliances
These are Hemp Ropes, Welded And Roller Chains,

And Steel Wire Ropes used as means of slinging
the load to the hook
Cross section of Hemp ropes is found below on next
slide
contd
contd
Welded load chain
• Used in hoisting
installation as
flexible members
t= pitch of the chain
(inside length of
link)
d= diameter of chain
bar
B= chain outside width
contd
Depending on the ratio

between the pitch and
the diameter of the
chain bar, welded
chains are classified in
to
 Short link chain with
t<=3d
 Long link chain with
t>3d
contd
Advantage of welded chains
 Good flexibility in all directions
 Possibility to use small diameter pulleys and drums
 Simple design and manufacture (forge and electric
resistance welding)
Disadvantage of welded chains
 Heavy weight
 Susceptibility to jerks and overload
 Sudden failure
 Intensive wear at the link joints
 Low safe speed of movement
contd
Selection of load chains
Fs=Fbr/K
Where Fbr=breaking load (given in
manufacturers catalogue and in standards)
K= factor of safety (3-8)
Fs= safe load carried by chains
Roller Chain
Roller chains are composed of plates hinge-
jointed by the pins and rollers.
Figure for simple roller chain with two plates
contd
Advantage of roller chain
Roller chains are superior to welded chains in
number of ways such as
 Reliability of operation is higher since the
plates are solid
 Roller chains have good flexibility and can
therefore be used on small diameter sprockets
with small number of teeth
 The friction in the joints is considerably less
than that of welded chains
contd
roller chains are not allowed on the following conditions
o to carry weight acting at an angle to the plate
o to be used in dusty premises
o to wind on drums as are operated in conjunction with
sprockets
Steel Wire Ropes
Predominantly flexible among hoisting equipments
Advantage over chains are
 Light weight
 Less susceptibility to damage from jerks
 Silent operation even at high speed
 Great reliability in operation
contd
Wire ropes made up of steel having ultimate

stress of 130-200Mpa
Consists of 6or 8 and cores, each strands
consists of 19 or 37wires
Kinds Of Wire Ropes
 Bright uncoated wires
 Galvanized wires (zinc coated), coating
reduces strength by 10%
Wire ropes formed from strands are known as
double lay ropes
Fastening of chain and ropes
A. Fastening Welded
Load Chains
 A split yoke and a bolt are
used to attach the chain to
the hook.
B. Fastening of roller
chain
Roller chain are connected to
the trolley frame by means
of special link having bigger
pitch and hole foe bolted
connection
Figure for fastening of roller
Fastening of wire ropes
Fastening Of Wire Ropes

Rope is secured in a
tapered socket so as to
attach it to any part of
the hoisting mechanism
Pulleys, Sprockets, Drums And Load Handling
Attachments
pulleys
Fixed pulleys
Fixed pulleys are used to change the direction of
the flexible appliance which movable pulleys
are used to gain mechanical advantage
Several fixed and movable pulleys are combined
in order to form a pulley system for a gain in
force or a gain in speed.
Sample figure for fixed pulleys
contd
Neglecting resistance of pulley, the pulling

force
Zo=Q, but in reality due to the pulley
resistance Zo>=Q
The resistance is partly due to the stiffness of
wire rope and partly due to frictional
resistance in the bearings.
contd
contd
Resistance due t o the
stiffness of wire rope Resistance due to the friction
Total pulling force
contd
Movable pulleys
Movable pulley can be pulley for gain in force or

pulley gain in speed
A. Pulley For Gain In Force
The distance that effort moves is double that
of load, and the speed at which the load is
raised is half of that of the effort.
Single movable pulley for gain in force
s=2h, c=2v
B. Pulley For Gain In Speed
 The effort is
applied at the axle
of the pulley and
moves at the half
the speed of the
load.
 The distance
moved by the load
is twice that of the
effort
contd
Sprocket For Welded

Chains
Sprockets are driving

chain wheels of hand
operated hoists and
winches.
Sprockets are
manufactured with
small number of
teeth
Sprocket for welded ....
Expressing the value of a in terms of ð, t and d
for small z=(4<=z<=9)
contd
Sprocket for roller chain
used for hand operated hoists and winches
contd
Rope drums
For hemp ropes, short length of drum is used with
several layers of coils.
The flange of drum should extend above the upper layer
of rope by at least one rope diameter
The drums are usually of the plain type with D>=10d and
efficiency approximately 95%
Number of turns on drums (z)
Z=(Hi/Πd)+2
Where i=ratio of pulleys system, D= drum diameter, H=
height to which the load is raised 2=idle (holding) turns
Load handling attachments
The load is usually handled by means of chain or rope
slings attached to hooks of which the two most popular
design are
Standard (single) hook
Ramshorn (double) hook
Both can be made of flat die or closed-die forged or series
of shaped plates can carry up to 100tons and more.
In the process of production hooks are carefully annealed
after forging and machining
The inner diameter of hooks should be greater than twice
the diameter of standard wire rope which suspends the
load.
Sample for standard hook
Arresting gear and brakes
Arresting gear
Used to hold being lifted without interfering in
the hoisting process but preventing the load
from coming down due to gravity.
Ratchet gearing
Consist of ratchet gear and pawl
The teeth on the ratchet are so arranged that
the ratchet runs free when load is being raised.
There are two basic arrangements of ratchet
and pawl
1. Arrangement with external teeth
1.1. Arrangement with pulled pawl pivot
1.2. Pushed pawl pivot
contd
The ratchet teeth number is dependent up on

the purpose and design.
For example,
Z=6 to 8 for rack and pinion jacks
Z=12 to 20 for independent ratchet arresters
Z=16 to 25 and more for ratchet brakes
contd
Brakes:
In hoisting machinery, brakes are employed for
controlling speed of load lowering and holding the
suspended load at rest.
Brakes can be classified in to three according to the
purpose and in to two according to their operational
characteristics.
Depending up on characteristics
 Parking (holding) brakes
 Lowering brakes or
 Combined type for both holding and /lowering/
controlling the speed.
contd
Based up on operational aspect
Operated brakes: it includes shoes, band, cone, disk and
ratchet brakes with safety handles
Automatic brakes: this includes centrifugal brakes (to control
speed) and brakes applied by the weight of the load.
HOISTING AND TRAVELLING GEAR
In any lifting drive, the hoisting mechanism is considered to
be the vital element.
It incorporates the drive, the transmission, the drum or
sprockets, the flexible appliances, the grabbing attachment,
the brake, and the structure to support these components.
contd
Hoisting mechanisms are subdivided in to three
groups.
 Hand power drives
 Individual power drives
 A common drives for several mechanisms
Hoisting Gear
Hand Power Hoisting Mechanisms
Efficiency of the mechanism shown below is the
ratio between the useful lifting work and all the
work done.
contd
Useful work:
Ao=Qh
Where Q=weight of load
h=distance travelled by load
Work done:
A=Ks
Where K=actual effort applied by operator
s=path of the force K corresponding to the path Q
Efficiency:
n=Ao/A
=Qh/Ks
=Qv/Kc
Contd.......
n=Ko/K
= Ko/[Ko+W]
where W=total distance due to friction in the
mechanism
C= the speed of the point of application
of the drawing effort (30-45m/min)
Effort applied by the operator
K=[Qh]/[ns]=[Qv]/[nc]
Total efficiency:
n= npull.ndrum.ngear
contd
where:
npull= pull efficiency ≈0.94
ndrum= drum efficiency ≈0.98
ngear= efficiency of one pair of gears≈0.99
the total transmission ratio of the mechanism i is
i= moment of load/[moment of force.n]
=MQ/MK
=QR/n.Ka
With pulley available Q should be replaced by the tension
in the rope S=Q/2
The lifting speed: V=Kc/Q
contd
Travelling Gear
Travelling gear can be:
Rail travelling mechanism and Travelling
mechanism of overhead travelling crane
Travelling mechanism of crane trolleys can be
divided in to three groups with
Hand operated drive
Individual power drive
Rope power drive
Motion is transmitted from wheel 1 due to effort K through
two pair of gears, to the travelling wheels, wheel 3
contd
wheel load:
a. Pmax=(Q+Go)/4
Q=weight of the load
Go=weight of trolley
When the load is suspended asymmetrically in
trolleys with two hoists, the force exerted on
the wheels is approximately equal to
Pmax =A≈(Go/4)+(Q/2).b2/b
Pmin =B≈ (Go/4)+(Q/2).b1/b

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2.

2.1. Theory Of Hoisting Equipment

These are Hemp Ropes, Welded And Roller Chains,

Depending on the ratio

Wire ropes made up of steel having ultimate

Fastening Of Wire Ropes

Neglecting resistance of pulley, the pulling

Movable pulley can be pulley for gain in force or

Sprocket For Welded

Sprockets are driving

The ratchet teeth number is dependent up on

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