Network Topologies: Lecture # 2

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NETWORK TOPOLOGIES

Lecture # 2
Course Code: ICT - 504
TOPOLOGY

 Alternatively referred to as a network topology, a


topology is the physical configuration of a network that
determines how the network's computers are connected.
Common configurations include the bus topology, linear
bus, mesh topology, ring topology, star topology, tree
topology.
BUS TOPOLOGY

 Bus Topology is the simplest of network topologies. In


this type of topology, all the nodes (computers as well as
servers) are connected to the single cable (called bus), by
the help of interface connectors. This central cable is the
backbone of the network and is known as Bus (thus the
name). Every workstation communicates with the other
device through this Bus. A signal from the source is
broadcasted and it travels to all workstations connected
to bus cable. Although the message is broadcasted but
only the intended recipient, whose MAC address or IP
address matches, accepts it. If the MAC /IP address of
machine doesn’t match with the intended address,
machine discards the signal
 A terminator is added at ends of the central cable, to
prevent bouncing of signals. A barrel connector can be
used to extend it. Below I have given a basic diagram of
a bus topology and then have discussed advantages and
disadvantages of Bus Network Topology
ADVANTAGES OF TOPOLOGY

 1) It is easy to set-up and extend bus network.


 2) Cable length required for this topology is the least
compared to other networks.
 3) Bus topology costs very less.
DISADVANTAGES (DRAWBACKS) OF BUS
TOPOLOGY

 1) There is a limit on central cable length and number of


nodes that can be connected.
 2) Dependency on central cable in this topology has its
disadvantages. If the main cable (i.e. bus ) encounters
some problem, whole network breaks down.
 3) Proper termination is required to dump signals. Use of
terminators is must.
STAR TOPOLOGY

 A Star network is one of the most common computer


network topologies. In its simplest form, a star network
consists of one central hub which acts as a conduit to
transmit messages. In star topology, every host is
connected to a central hub. A star network is an
implementation of a spoke–hub distribution paradigm in
computer networks.
 The hub and hosts, and the transmission lines between
them, form a graph with the topology of a star. Data on a
star network passes through the hub before continuing to
its destination. The hub manages and controls all
functions of the network. It also acts as a repeater for the
data flow.
 The star topology reduces the impact of a transmission
line failure by independently connecting each host to the
hub. Each host may thus communicate with all others by
transmitting to, and receiving from, the hub. The failure
of a transmission line linking any host to the hub will
result in the isolation of that host from all others, but the
rest of the network will be unaffected. The star
configuration is commonly used with twisted pair cable
and optical fiber cable. However, it can also be used with
coaxial cable.
 Advantages
 If one node or its connection breaks, it doesn’t affect the
other computers nor their connections
 Devices can be added or removed without disturbing the
network

 Disadvantages
 An expensive network layout to install because of the
number and length of cables needed to wire each host to
the central hub
 The central hub is a single point of failure for the
network
RING TOPOLOGY
 A ring topology is a network configuration in which
device connections create a circular data path. Each
networked device is connected to two others, like points
on a circle. Together, devices in a ring topology are
referred to as a ring network.
 In a ring network, packets of data travel from one device
to the next until they reach their destination. Most ring
topologies allow packets to travel only in one direction,
called a unidirectional ring network.
 Advantages of ring topology
 All data flows in one direction, reducing the chance of packet
collisions.
 A network server is not needed to control network connectivity
between each workstation.
 Additional workstations can be added without impacting
performance of the network.

 Disadvantages of ring topology


 All data being transferred over the network must pass through
each workstation on the network, which can make it slower than
a star topology.
 The entire network will be impacted if one workstation shuts
down.
 The hardware needed to connect each workstation to the network
is more expensive than Ethernet cards and hubs/switches.
MESH TOPOLOGY
 A network setup where each computer and network device is
interconnected with one another, allowing for most
transmissions to be distributed, even if one of the connections go
down. It is a topology commonly used for wireless networks.
Below is a visual example of a simple computer setup on a
network using a mesh topology?
 A mesh topology can be a full mesh topology or a partially
connected mesh topology.
 In a full mesh topology, every computer in the network has a
connection to each of the other computers in that network. The
number of connections in this network can be calculated using
the following formula (n is the number of computers in the
network): n(n-1)/2
 If we have 5 Nodes, then:

 No. of Links= 5(5-1)/2 = 10


 In a partially connected mesh topology, at least two of
the computers in the network have connections to
multiple other computers in that network. It is an
inexpensive way to implement redundancy in a network.
In the event that one of the primary computers or
connections in the network fails, the rest of the network
continues to operate normally.
 Advantages of a mesh topology

 Can handle high amounts of traffic, because multiple


devices can transmit data simultaneously.
 A failure of one device does not cause a break in the
network or transmission of data.
 Adding additional devices does not disrupt data
transmission between other devices.

 Disadvantages of a mesh topology


 The cost to implement is higher than other network
topologies, making it a less desirable option.
 Building and maintaining the topology is difficult and
time consuming.
TREE TOPOLOGY

 A tree topology is a special type of structure in which many


connected elements are arranged like the branches of a tree.
For example, tree topologies are frequently used to organize
the computers in a corporate network, or the information in a
database.
 In a tree topology, there can be only one connection between
any two connected nodes. Because any two nodes can have
only one mutual connection, tree topologies form a natural
parent-child hierarchy.
  Tree topology in computer networking

  Tree topology in computer programming

  Tree topology in binary Trees

  B-Trees
TREE TOPOLOGY IN COMPUTER
NETWORKING

 In computer networks, a tree topology is also known as a


star bus topology. It incorporates elements of both a bus
topology and a star topology. Below is an example
network diagram of a tree topology, in which the central
nodes of two star networks are connected to one another.
 if the main cable or trunk between each of the two star
topology networks were to fail, those networks would be
unable to communicate with each other. However,
computers on the same star topology would still be able
to communicate

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