Matrices&Determinant

Content
 Definition of Matrix
 Types of Matrix
 Operations on matrices
 Transpose of matrix
 Elementary Operations(Transformation) of
Matrix
 Matrix
Definition:-
 Matrix is an Ordered rectangular arrays of any
numbers(Real or Complex) or functions.The Numbers or
functions in a matrix is called “ELEMENT or ENTRIES “of the
matrix.
 Matrix is the arrangement of any numbers or functions in
rows and columns to forms an reactangular arrays.
Note:-
(1) Matrix is Denoted by “CAPITAL LETTERS”.
(2) Horizontal line of elements is called “ROWS”
and Vertical line of elements is called “COLUMNS”.

EXAMPLE:-

A =
Order of Matrix:-
A matrix having m rows and n columns
is called “matrix of order m*n”.

EXAMPLE:-

A =

Here, Matrix A contains 4 rows and 2 columns.So,it’s

order is 4*2.

NOTE:-
Total Number of elements in a matrix =mn.
 Types of Matrix
(1) Column Matrix:-
It has only one column and Number of rows.

EXAMPLE:-

(2) Row Matrix:-

It has only one row and Number of columns.

EXAMPLE:-
(3) Rectangular matrix:-
Number of rows is not equal to the
number of columns.
(4) Square Matrix:-
Total Number of Rows=Total Number of Column.

Here,First Matrix is of order 2 and Second one is of order 3.

(5) Diagonal Matrix:-
A Square Matrix where all the elements are zero
except those on the main diagonal or principal diagonal.

[ ]
1 ⋯ 0
⋮ ⋱ ⋮
0 ⋯ 3

Here,Elements 1,-----,3 are on the main diagonal or

principal diagonal.
i.e, aij =0 for all i ≠ j,
aij ≠ 0 for some or for all i=j.
(6)Identity&Unit Matrix:-
A diagonal matrix with ones on the main
diagional.

EXAMPLE:-

i.e, , aij =0 for all i ≠ j,

aij = 1 for some or for all i=j.
(7) Null Matrix (Zero matrix):-
It is a matrix in which all elements
in this matrix are zero.

EXAMPLE:-

i.e, =0 for all i,j.

(8) Triangular Matrix:-
A Square matrix whose elements above or
below the main diagonal are all zero .

EXAMPLE:-

(8a) Upper triangular matrix:-

A Square matrix whose elements
below the main diagonal are all zero.

i.e, =0 for all i>j

for some or for all i<j.
(8B) Lower Triangular Matrix:-
A Square Matrix whose elements
above the main diagional are all zero.

i.e, =0 for all i<j

0 for some or for all i>j.
(9) Scalar Matrix:-
A diagonal Matrix whose main
diagonal elements are all same.
i.e, =0 for all ij,
=k for all ij.
 Operations on Matrices

Equality of matrix:-
Let A &B are two Matrices of order m*n.Then, matrix A is equal
to matrix B if following conditions are satisfied:-

(1) They have same size.

(2) All the elements of matrix A is same/equal to correspondings elements of
matrix B.

EXAMPLE:-

A = &B=

These two matrices are equal bcz they satisfied above conditions.
 Some properties of Equality

(1) If A=B then B=A for all A and B

(2) If A=B and B=C,then A=C for all A,B and C.
 Addition and Substraction of Matrices

->The Addition or Substraction of two matrices A and B of same size

yields a new matrix C of the same size.

Note:-
(1)Matrix addition or substraction is defined if the matrices of same sizes.
(2)If the matrices of different sizes cannot be added or substracted.
Commutative law:-
A-B=B-A
 Matrices - Operations
Commutative Law:
A+B=B+A

Associative Law:
A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C = A + B + C

A B C
2x3 2x3 2x3
 Matrices - Operations
A+0=0+A=A
A + (-A) = 0 (where –A is the matrix composed of –aij as elements)
 Matrices - Operations
SCALAR MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES

Matrices can be multiplied by a scalar (constant or single

element)
Let k be a scalar quantity; then
kA = Ak

Ex. If k=4 and

 Matrices - Operations

Properties:
• k (A + B) = kA + kB
• (k + g)A = kA + gA
• k(AB) = (kA)B = A(k)B
• k(gA) = (kg)A
 Matrices - Operations
MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES

The product of two matrices is another matrix

Two matrices A and B must be conformable for multiplication to
be possible
i.e. the number of columns of A must equal the number of rows
of B
Example.
A x B = C
(1x3) (3x1) (1x1)
 Matrices - Operations
B x A = Not possible!
(2x1) (4x2)

A x B = Not possible!
(6x2) (6x3)

Example
A x B = C
(2x3) (3x2) (2x2)
 Matrices - Operations

Successive multiplication of row i of A with column j of

B – row by column multiplication
 Matrices - Operations

Remember also:
IA = A
 Matrices - Operations
Assuming that matrices A, B and C are conformable for
the operations indicated, the following are true:
1. AI = IA = A
2. A(BC) = (AB)C = ABC - (associative law)
3. A(B+C) = AB + AC - (first distributive law)
4. (A+B)C = AC + BC - (second distributive law)

Caution!
1. AB not generally equal to BA, BA may not be conformable
2. If AB = 0, neither A nor B necessarily = 0
3. If AB = AC, B not necessarily = C
 Matrices - Operations
AB not generally equal to BA, BA may not be
conformable
 Matrices - Operations
If AB = 0, neither A nor B necessarily =
0
 Matrices - Operations
TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX

If :

2x3

Then transpose of A, denoted AT is:

For all i and j

 Matrices - Operations
To transpose:
Interchange rows and columns
The dimensions of AT are the reverse of the dimensions of A

2x3

3x2
 Matrices - Operations
Properties of transposed matrices:
1. (A+B)T = AT + BT
2. (AB)T = BT AT
3. (kA)T = kAT
4. (AT)T = A
 Matrices - Operations
1. (A+B)T = AT + BT
 Matrices - Operations
(AB)T = BT AT
 Matrices - Operations
SYMMETRIC MATRICES
A Square matrix is symmetric if it is equal to its
transpose:
A = AT
 Matrices - Operations

When the original matrix is square, transposition does not

affect the elements of the main diagonal

The identity matrix, I, a diagonal matrix D, and a scalar matrix, K,

are equal to their transpose since the diagonal is unaffected.
 Matrices - Operations
INVERSE OF A MATRIX
Consider a scalar k. The inverse is the reciprocal or division of 1
by the scalar.
Example:
k=7 the inverse of k or k-1 = 1/k = 1/7
Division of matrices is not defined since there may be AB = AC
while B = C
Instead matrix inversion is used.
The inverse of a square matrix, A, if it exists, is the unique matrix
A-1 where:
AA-1 = A-1 A = I
 Matrices - Operations
Example:

Because:
 Matrices - Operations
Properties of the inverse:

A square matrix that has an inverse is called a nonsingular matrix

A matrix that does not have an inverse is called a singular matrix
Square matrices have inverses except when the determinant is zero
When the determinant of a matrix is zero the matrix is singular
 Matrices - Operations
DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX

To compute the inverse of a matrix, the determinant is required

Each square matrix A has a unit scalar value called the
determinant of A, denoted by det A or |A|

If

then
 Matrices - Operations
If A = [A] is a single element (1x1), then the determinant is
defined as the value of the element
Then |A| =det A = a11
If A is (n x n), its determinant may be defined in terms of order
(n-1) or less.
 Matrices - Operations
MINORS
If A is an n x n matrix and one row and one column are deleted,
the resulting matrix is an (n-1) x (n-1) submatrix of A.
The determinant of such a submatrix is called a minor of A and
is designated by mij , where i and j correspond to the deleted
row and column, respectively.
mij is the minor of the element aij in A.
 Matrices - Operations
eg.

Each element in A has a minor

Delete first row and column from A .
The determinant of the remaining 2 x 2 submatrix is the minor
of a11
 Matrices - Operations
Therefore the minor of a12 is:

And the minor for a13 is:

 Matrices - Operations
COFACTORS

The cofactor Cij of an element aij is defined as:

When the sum of a row number i and column j is even, cij = mij and
when i+j is odd, cij =-mij
 Matrices - Operations
DETERMINANTS CONTINUED

The determinant of an n x n matrix A can now be defined as

The determinant of A is therefore the sum of the products of the

elements of the first row of A and their corresponding cofactors.
(It is possible to define |A| in terms of any other row or column
but for simplicity, the first row only is used)
 Matrices - Operations
Therefore the 2 x 2 matrix :

Has cofactors :

And:

And the determinant of A is:

 Matrices - Operations
Example 1:
 Matrices - Operations
For a 3 x 3 matrix:

The cofactors of the first row are:

 Matrices - Operations
The determinant of a matrix A is:

Which by substituting for the cofactors in this case is:

 Matrices - Operations

Example 2:
 Matrices - Operations
ADJOINT MATRICES

A cofactor matrix C of a matrix A is the square matrix of the same

order as A in which each element aij is replaced by its cofactor cij .

Example:

If

The cofactor C of A is
 Matrices - Operations
The adjoint matrix of A, denoted by adj A, is the transpose of its
cofactor matrix

It can be shown that:

A(adj A) = (adjA) A = |A| I

Example:
Matrices - Operations
 Matrices - Operations
USING THE ADJOINT MATRIX IN MATRIX INVERSION
Since
AA-1 = A-1 A = I

and
A(adj A) = (adjA) A = |A|
I

then
 Matrices - Operations
Example

A=

To check AA-1 = A-1 A = I

 Matrices - Operations
Example 2

The determinant of A is
|A| = (3)(-1-0)-(-1)(-2-0)+(1)(4-1) = -2

The elements of the cofactor matrix are

 Matrices - Operations
The cofactor matrix is therefore

so

and
 Matrices - Operations
The result can be checked using

AA-1 = A-1 A = I

The determinant of a matrix must not be zero for the inverse to

exist as there will not be a solution
Nonsingular matrices have non-zero determinants
Singular matrices have zero determinants
Matrix Inversion

Simple 2 x 2 case
 Simple 2 x 2 case
Let
and

Since it is known that

A A-1 = I

then
 Simple 2 x 2 case
Multiplying gives

It can simply be shown that

 Simple 2 x 2 case
thus
Simple 2 x 2 case
Simple 2 x 2 case
Simple 2 x 2 case
 Simple 2 x 2 case
So that for a 2 x 2 matrix the inverse can be constructed
in a simple fashion as

•Exchange elements of main diagonal

•Change sign in elements off main diagonal
•Divide resulting matrix by the determinant
 Simple 2 x 2 case
Example

Check inverse
A-1 A=I
Matrices and Linear Equations

Linear Equations
 Linear Equations
Linear equations are common and important for survey
problems
Matrices can be used to express these linear equations and
aid in the computation of unknown values
Example
n equations in n unknowns, the aij are numerical coefficients,
the bi are constants and the xj are unknowns
 Linear Equations
The equations may be expressed in the form
AX = B
where

and

nxn nx1 nx1

Number of unknowns = number of equations = n

 Linear Equations
If the determinant is nonzero, the equation can be solved to produce
n numerical values for x that satisfy all the simultaneous equations
To solve, premultiply both sides of the equation by A-1 which exists
because |A| = 0

A-1 AX = A-1 B
Now since
A-1 A = I

We get
X = A-1 B

So if the inverse of the coefficient matrix is found, the unknowns,

X would be determined
 Linear Equations
Example

The equations can be expressed as

 Linear Equations
When A-1 is computed the equation becomes

Therefore
 Linear Equations
The values for the unknowns should be checked by substitution
back into the initial equations