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Internal Combustion Engines: Engine Fundamentals

The document discusses internal combustion engines. It describes that internal combustion engines have combustion of fuel occurring inside the cylinder, as opposed to external combustion engines where combustion is outside the cylinder. It then provides detailed classifications and explanations of different types of internal combustion engines, including two-stroke and four-stroke engines, their construction, operation principles, differences, and applications.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
123 views31 pages

Internal Combustion Engines: Engine Fundamentals

The document discusses internal combustion engines. It describes that internal combustion engines have combustion of fuel occurring inside the cylinder, as opposed to external combustion engines where combustion is outside the cylinder. It then provides detailed classifications and explanations of different types of internal combustion engines, including two-stroke and four-stroke engines, their construction, operation principles, differences, and applications.

Uploaded by

shubham
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Internal Combustion Engines

Engine Fundamentals

Dr. Vikas Kumar


School of Automobile and Manufacturing Engineering
Symbiosis University of Applied Science, Indore
Heat Engines
Any type of engine or machine which derives Heat Energy from the combustion of
the fuel or any other source and converts this energy into Mechanical Work is
known as a Heat Engine.

Classification :
1. External Combustion Engine (E. C. Engine) :
Combustion of fuel takes place outside the cylinder.
e.g. Steam Turbine, Gas Turbine Steam Engine, etc.
Heat Engines
2. Internal Combustion Engine (I.C. Engine) :

Combustion of fuel occurs inside the cylinder.


e.g. Automobiles, Marine, etc.

MOAZ HASSAN
Classification of I. C. Engines
A. Cycle of Operation :

1. Two – Stroke Engine. 2. Four – Stroke Engine

B. Cycle of Combustion :
1. Otto Cycle (Combustion at Constant Volume).
2. Diesel Cycle (Combustion at Constant Pressure).
3. Dual Cycle (Combustion partly at Constant Volume + Constant Pressure).
Classification of I. C. Engines
C. Arrangement of Cylinder :

1. Horizontal Engine. 2. Vertical Engine

3. V – type Engine 4. Radial Engine


Classification of I. C. Engines
D. Uses :
1. Automobile Engine. 2. Marine Engine

3. Stationary Engine 4. Portable Engine


Classification of I. C. Engines
E. Fuel used :
1. Diesel Engine (CI) 2. Petrol Engine (SI)
3. Gas Engine 4. Kerosene Engine

F. Speed of Engine :
1. High Speed 2. Low Speed

G. Method of Cooling :
1. Air – Cooled Engine. 2. Water – Cooled Engine
Classification of I. C. Engines
G. Method of Ignition :

1. Spark – Ignition (S.I.) Engine. 2. Compression – Ignition (C.I.) Engine


Classification of I. C. Engines
I. No. of cylinders :

1. Single Cylinder Engine. 2. Multi - Cylinder Engine


Application of I. C. Engines

Road vehicles.
Locomotives.
Generators for Hospitals,
APPLICATIONS
Construction
Cinema Hall, and Public Places. Pumping Sets Equipments
Four – Stroke Engine
Four – Stroke Engine
Construction
o The engine comprises a cylinder block in which a
cylinder is bored to accommodate the piston and Piston
Rings.
o It can be SI (Petrol) or CI (Diesel) Engine.
o A crankshaft is mounted on one side of the cylinder
block which is closed in an Oil pan/Sump.
o The included space is called the Crankcase.
o The oil pan contains a specified quantity of engine
Lubricating oil.
o The piston is connected to the Crankshaft by a
connecting rod and a Gudgeon pin.
Construction
o Space above the piston on the other side of the cylinder, is a
Cylinder Head.
o The free volume in the cylinder when the piston is at the extreme
top in the cylinder is called the Combustion Chamber.
o The cylinder head contains the Intake and Exhaust valves.
o A valve mechanism opens and closes the valves.
o This valve mechanism is activated by the Camshaft which is
driven by the crankshaft at half-crankshaft speed.
o An intake manifold with a Carburettor (in case of Petrol
Engine-SI Engine) is connected to the intake port which leads
to the intake valve and hence the cylinder, while the exhaust
manifold is connected to the exhaust port.
Construction
o Top Dead Centre (T.D.C) – when the piston is at the end of
the upward stroke, that is the highest point which the piston
can reach in the cylinder
o Bottom dead centre (B.D.C) – when the piston is at the
end of the downward stroke, that is the lowest point which
the piston can reach in the cylinder
o Stroke – the maximum distance of piston movement
between extreme points; these extreme points are (T.D.C)
and (B.D.C) and the crankshaft turns through 180°
o Cycle – the four strokes of the piston; one cycle is
completed during two crankshaft revolutions (720°)and one
camshaft revolution.
Four – Stroke / Spark Ignition Engine

Engcycle.wmv
Operation - The Intake Stroke

o The piston moves from t.d.c. toward b.d.c.


o When the piston descends from t.d.c., the intake valve starts
opening.
o With the exhaust valve closed during the stroke, a partial vacuum
or depression is created in the cylinder above the piston.
o Atmospheric pressure fills this partial vacuum and, in doing so,
passes through the carburettor barrel.
o In the carburettor barrel petrol is mixed with air.
o This air-fuel mixture fills the cylinder via the intake manifold and
past the open intake valve.
o Just after the piston reaches b.d.c., the intake valve is closed.
The Compression Stroke

o Both the intake valve and the exhaust valve remain


closed during this stroke and the piston moves from
b.d.c. to t.d.c.
o The petrol mixture is compressed in the relatively
small combustion chamber.
o Just before the piston reaches t.d.c., a high tension
spark is introduced into the combustion chamber by
means of the sparkplug and the petrol mixture is
ignited.
The Power Stroke

o Both valves still remain closed and as a result of


ignition, combustion of the petrol mixture takes place
rapidly.
o High temperatures are developed as a result of this
combustion and cause the gases to expand.
o This expansion exerts considerable pressure on the
piston and the force is transmitted to the crankshaft
via the connecting rod, thereby giving a rotary motion
(rotation) to the crankshaft.

MOAZ HASSAN
The Exhaust Stroke

o As the piston reaches b.d.c., the exhaust valve is


opened.
o The crankshaft rotates as a result of momentum in the
crankshaft, assisted by the flywheel, and the piston
moves from b.d.c. to t.d.c.
o The piston forces out the burnt gases past the open
exhaust valve to the exhaust manifold from where it is
fed to the atmosphere by pipes.
o When the piston reaches t.d.c., the engine is ready to
start the following intake stroke and cycle.

MOAZ HASSAN
ENVIRONMENT

o A running engine emits the exhaust gas, carbon


monoxide.
o The gas is very harmful to both people and the
environment.
o So, Catalytic converters that convert the carbon
monoxide to less harmful carbon dioxide.
Note : It operates on Otto Cycle.
Four – Stroke / Compressed Ignition Engine

o It is similar to the petrol engine, except that :


o It operates on Diesel Cycle.
o The compression ratio is approximately 20:1 compared to
a petrol engine which has a compression ratio of about
10:1.
o On the compression stroke the fuel is injected and mixes
with the compressed air a few degrees before the piston
reaches t.d.c.
o The mixture is ignited by the high temperature that results
from the higher pressure of the compressed air/fuel on
the compression stroke. i.e. No Carburetor.
Two – Stroke / Spark Ignition (S.I.) Engine

MOAZ HASSAN
Construction

o However, the three-port two-stroke engine does not have


valves.
o Instead there are the intake port, the exhaust port and the
transfer port, all of which are closed and opened by the
moving piston.
o A second important feature is the crankcase which is air-
tight and which contains no lubricating oil as the oil is
added to the petrol.
o A third feature is the piston crown; its design promotes
scavenging of the cylinder. (Scavenging occurs when the
new gases from the bypass port push the burnt gases out
the outlet port and so clean the cylinder.)
The Intake and Compression strokes

oWith the piston at b.d.c., the intake port is closed and the other two
ports open.
oAt this stage, the cylinder above the piston is filled with the Air-petrol
mixture.
oDuring ‘piston-travel’ from b.d.c. to t.d.c., the transfer port is first closed
by the piston and then the exhaust port.
oAs the piston ascends, the petrol mixture is compressed in the
combustion chamber while a vacuum is created in the crankcase.
oWith the upward movement of the piston, the intake port is opened
and the petrol mixture fills the vacuum in the crankcase.
oJust before the piston reaches t.d.c., the compressed petrol mixture is
ignited by a high tension spark.
The Power and Exhaust Strokes

o After ignition of the petrol mixture, combustion causes high


temperatures to develop, and as a result the gases expand.
o These expanding gases force the piston towards b.d.c. and
a powerful rotational movement is given to the crankshaft.
o As the piston moves towards b.d.c., the intake port is closed
and the petrol mixture is compressed in the crankcase.
o With the further movement of the piston, the exhaust port is
opened first and the burnt gases start escaping.
o Just after this the transfer port is opened and the
compressed petrol mixture in the crankcase enters the
cylinder under pressure and assists in driving out the burnt
gases.
Two – Stroke / Compression Ignition (C.I.) Engine

o Its is Similar to two Stroke Engine (SI) except;


o Fuel enters first then Air enter to burn the fuel like 4-
Stroke CI Engine
o No Carburetor.
Comparison : Two – Stroke Vs. Four Stroke
Sr. Four – Stroke Two – Stroke
No. Particulars
Cycle Cycle
1. Cycle Completion 4 strokes 2 strokes
/ 2 revolutions / 1 revolution
2. Power Strokes 1 in 2 revolutions 1 per revolution
3. Volumetric Efficiency High Low
4. Thermal and
High Low
Part – Load Efficiency
5. Small; Large;
Power for same Engine as 1 power stroke as 1 power stroke
Size for per revolutions
2 revolutions
6. Flywheel Heavier Lighter
7. Cooling / Lubrication Lesser Greater
8. Valve Mechanism Required Not Required
9. Initial Cost Higher Lower
Comparison : S.I. Vs. C.I. Engines
Sr.
Particulars S. I. Engine C. I. Engine
No.
1. Thermodynamic Otto Diesel
Cycle
2. Fuel Used Gasoline Diesel
3. Air : Fuel Ratio 6 : 1 – 20 : 1 16 : 1 – 100 : 1
4. Compression Ratio Avg. 7 – 9 Avg. 15 – 18
5. Combustion Spark Ignition Compression Ignition
6. Fuel Supply Carburettor Fuel Injector
7. Operating Pressure 60 bar max. 120 bar max.
8. Operating Speed Up to 6000 RPM Up to 3500 RPM
9. Calorific Value 44 MJ/kg 42 MJ/kg
10. Running Cost High Low
11. Maintenance Cost Minor Major
Comparison : Gasoline Vs. Diesel Engines
Sr. No. Gasoline Engine Diesel Engine
1. Working : Otto Cycle Working : Diesel Cycle
2. Suction Stroke : Suction Stroke :
Air / Fuel mixture is taken in only Air is taken in
3. Spark Plug Fuel Injector
4. Spark Ignition generates Power Compression Ignition generates Power
5. Thermal Efficiency – 35 % Thermal Efficiency – 40 %
6. Compact Bulky
7. Running Cost – High Running Cost – Low
8. Light – Weight Heavy – Weight
9. Fuel : Costly Fuel : Cheaper
10. Gasoline : Volatile and Danger Diesel : Non-volatile and Safe.
11. Less Dependable More Dependable
Thank You !

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