Internal Combustion Engines: Engine Fundamentals
Internal Combustion Engines: Engine Fundamentals
Engine Fundamentals
Classification :
1. External Combustion Engine (E. C. Engine) :
Combustion of fuel takes place outside the cylinder.
e.g. Steam Turbine, Gas Turbine Steam Engine, etc.
Heat Engines
2. Internal Combustion Engine (I.C. Engine) :
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Classification of I. C. Engines
A. Cycle of Operation :
B. Cycle of Combustion :
1. Otto Cycle (Combustion at Constant Volume).
2. Diesel Cycle (Combustion at Constant Pressure).
3. Dual Cycle (Combustion partly at Constant Volume + Constant Pressure).
Classification of I. C. Engines
C. Arrangement of Cylinder :
F. Speed of Engine :
1. High Speed 2. Low Speed
G. Method of Cooling :
1. Air – Cooled Engine. 2. Water – Cooled Engine
Classification of I. C. Engines
G. Method of Ignition :
Road vehicles.
Locomotives.
Generators for Hospitals,
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Four – Stroke Engine
Four – Stroke Engine
Construction
o The engine comprises a cylinder block in which a
cylinder is bored to accommodate the piston and Piston
Rings.
o It can be SI (Petrol) or CI (Diesel) Engine.
o A crankshaft is mounted on one side of the cylinder
block which is closed in an Oil pan/Sump.
o The included space is called the Crankcase.
o The oil pan contains a specified quantity of engine
Lubricating oil.
o The piston is connected to the Crankshaft by a
connecting rod and a Gudgeon pin.
Construction
o Space above the piston on the other side of the cylinder, is a
Cylinder Head.
o The free volume in the cylinder when the piston is at the extreme
top in the cylinder is called the Combustion Chamber.
o The cylinder head contains the Intake and Exhaust valves.
o A valve mechanism opens and closes the valves.
o This valve mechanism is activated by the Camshaft which is
driven by the crankshaft at half-crankshaft speed.
o An intake manifold with a Carburettor (in case of Petrol
Engine-SI Engine) is connected to the intake port which leads
to the intake valve and hence the cylinder, while the exhaust
manifold is connected to the exhaust port.
Construction
o Top Dead Centre (T.D.C) – when the piston is at the end of
the upward stroke, that is the highest point which the piston
can reach in the cylinder
o Bottom dead centre (B.D.C) – when the piston is at the
end of the downward stroke, that is the lowest point which
the piston can reach in the cylinder
o Stroke – the maximum distance of piston movement
between extreme points; these extreme points are (T.D.C)
and (B.D.C) and the crankshaft turns through 180°
o Cycle – the four strokes of the piston; one cycle is
completed during two crankshaft revolutions (720°)and one
camshaft revolution.
Four – Stroke / Spark Ignition Engine
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Operation - The Intake Stroke
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The Exhaust Stroke
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ENVIRONMENT
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Construction
oWith the piston at b.d.c., the intake port is closed and the other two
ports open.
oAt this stage, the cylinder above the piston is filled with the Air-petrol
mixture.
oDuring ‘piston-travel’ from b.d.c. to t.d.c., the transfer port is first closed
by the piston and then the exhaust port.
oAs the piston ascends, the petrol mixture is compressed in the
combustion chamber while a vacuum is created in the crankcase.
oWith the upward movement of the piston, the intake port is opened
and the petrol mixture fills the vacuum in the crankcase.
oJust before the piston reaches t.d.c., the compressed petrol mixture is
ignited by a high tension spark.
The Power and Exhaust Strokes