Traffic Light Control

Name : Dharmi Javiya

Enrollment No. : 92100133058
Subject : Basics of Electronics Engineering (01EC0101)
Stream: Information and Communication Technology
 S TAT E M E N T O F T H E P R O B L E M

Traffic congestion is an increasing problem in cities and sub urban spend more of their time commuting
to work, school, shopping, and social event as well as dealing with traffic light jams and accidents.
Traffic became heavy in all directions, more to and from cities as well as between sub urban locations.
Sub urban business locations require huge parking lots because employees have to drive; there were few
buses or trains or trolleys to carry scatter workers to their work place.
The hope of reduced congestion in sub urban had not been realized; long commutes and traffic jams
could be found everywhere.
In this counter based traffic light control system controlling can be done automatically without man
power.
While using counter based circuit we can use many ICs like IC555 and IC4017.
Further we can modify the microprocessor based traffic light control system by replacing
microprocessor with a Microcontroller based traffic light control system because, in microprocessor chip
ROM ,RAM and I/O ports are not present in a single chip but in microcontroller all the above mentioned
things are embedded in a single IC.
 INTRODUCTION

As we all know, the name of the project is “Traffic Light Control”.

Automatic control in engineering and technology is a wide generic term covering the application of
mechanisms to the operation and regulation of processes without continuous direct human
intervention.
When some analog circuits or any embedded system is used to control the Tra ffic Lights where no
man power is needed is called Automatic Traffic Control
The fundamental idea of this simple electronic project is to control the traffic.
Traffic Lights are used to control the vehicular traffic. In the modern era, everyone has different
types of vehicles resulting in rise to the numbers of vehicles.
Traffic light has proved to be an amazing way to stop the vehicular collisions and control the traffic
jams in today’s modern era where everyone owns the different types of vehicles.
Designing of a system to control counter based automatically Traffic Light control circuit is
designed by 555 timer’s IC and a decade counter.
The timer generates pulses with appropriate as per theoretical calculation and these pulses are fed to ten
stage decade counter.
The ten-stage decade counter can count up to ten pulses. So for every peak at clock, the counter admits it
as an event and remembers it.
The number of events that counter memorized outputted by corresponding pin.
The 8085 microprocessor is a popular microprocessor used in industries for various applications.
In this microprocessor based Traffic Light Control circuits the traffic lights are interfaced to
microprocessor system through ports of programmable peripheral interface 8255.
So the traffic light can be automatically switched ON/OFF in desired sequence.
In the microcontroller based Traffic Light Control system , the pins of the various input output ports of
the microcontroller are connected directly to the leds.
It permits accident free control as a separate set of signals has been assigned to a direction.
 C O N T R OL L I GH T S I ND I C AT I O N

There are three control lights or signals, which will provide the instruction to the
driver.

 RED light – instructs the driver to STOP at the intersection.

 YELLOW light – instructs the driver to WAIT (If red light is next) or GET READY (if
green light is next)

 GREEN light – instructs the driver to GO through the intersection.

 REQUIRED COMPONENTS

 9V Battery (Input Battery)

 ohm resistors
 capacitors
 1N4149 diodes
 555 timer IC (As a pulse generator)
 4017 IC counter (Main IC of the circuit)
 1M Potentiometer (Controls the timing of pulse generated by 555
timer)
 Red, yellow and green LEDs. (Output)
 RESISTORS

Resistor restricts the flow of electric current for example a resistor is placed in series with a Led to limit the
current passing through the Led.

C A PA C I T O R

Capacitor stores electric charge. They are used with resistors in timing circuits because it takes time for a
capacitor to fill with charge. They are used to smooth varying DC supplies by acting as a reservoir of charge.

555 TIMER IC

The 555 timer IC is an  integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, delay, pulse generation, and oscillator
applications.
The timer IC is a general purpose IC that can be used for precision timing pulse generation, sequential timing,
time delay generation , pulse width modulation , pulse position modulation and linear ramp generation.
The 555 can operate in both astable and monostable modes with timing pulse ranging from micro second.
In this counter based traffic light control circuit we have used IC555 because the timer generates pulses and
these pulses are fed to ten stage decade counter. The ten-stage decade counter have a memory of ten.
 4017 IC COUNTER

The IC 4017 is a versatile IC of the CMOS family which has got wide range of application.
The 4017 is a 5 stage Johnson counters having 10 decode outputs.
Inputs include a clock, a RESET and a CLOCK INHIBIT signal.
the CLOCK input circuit provides pulse shaping that allows unlimited CLOCK input pulse rise and fall times.
These counters are advanced one count at the positive clock signal transition if the CLOCK INHIBIT signal is low.
Counter advancement via the clock line is inhibited when the clock inhibit signal is high.
A high RESET signal clears the counter to its zero count.
The decoded outputs are normally low and go high only at their respective decoded time slot. Each decoded output remains
high for one full clock cycle.
A carry out signal completes one cycle every 10 clock input cycles in the CD4017 and is used to ripple-clock the succeeding
device in a multi-device counting chain.
In the counter based traffic light control system we have used decade counter because The timer generates pulses and these
pulses are fed to ten stage decade counter.
The ten stage decade counter have a memory of ten. It can count up to ten pulses. So for every peak at clock, the counter
admits it as an event and remembers it. The number of events that counter memorized outputted by corresponding pin.
 DIODE

A Diode is the simplest two terminal unilateral semi-conductor devices.

It allows current to flow only in one direction and blocks the current that flows in the opposite direction.
The characteristics of a diode closely match to that of a switch. An ideal switch which opens does not conduct
current in either direction and in closed state conducts in both directions.

LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

LEDs are semiconductor devices like transistor and other diodes. LEDs are made out of silicon.
What makes an LED give off light there are the small amount of chemical impurities that are added to the silicon
such as gallium, arsenide, indium and nitride.
When current passes through the LED, it emits photons as a by product. Normal light bulbs produce light by
heating a metal filament until its while hot.
Because LEDs produce photons directly and not via heat, they are far more efficient than incandescent bulbs.
When a light emitting diode is forward biased electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the
device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence.
Electroluminescence is an optical and electrical phenomenon in which a material emits light in response to
the passage of an electric current or to a strong electric field.
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
M U LT I S I M C I R C U I T

.
THE OUTPUT WAVEFORM
 T H E O U T P U T WAV E F O R M O F A T I M E R I N ASTABLE MODE:

From the waveform the following points can be concluded:

Period of output waveform: t = tON + tOFF = 0.693 C (R1 + 2R2)
Output High state Duration: tON = 0.693 C (R1 + R2)
Output Low state Duration: tOFF = 0.693 C R2
Duty cycle:[tON/(tON + tOFF)] = [(R1+R2) / (R1+2R2)] x 100%
Pulse repetition frequency: P.R.F = 1.44/[C(R1 + 2R2)]
In the above formulas t is time is seconds,C is the capacitance used in Farads, and R1and R2 are
in ohm.
In case R1 = R2 the duty cycle equation becomes
[tON/(tON + tOFF)] = [(R + R) / (R+2R)] x 100% = 67%
By changing the values of R1, R2 & C the Pulse repetition frequency of the 555 astable
multivibrator circuit output can be changed.
The output of the timer is given to the decade counter by connecting the output pin of the
timer to pin 14 of the decade counter.
The decade counter has 10 output pins o0-o9 which give output for one pulse each.
We also have pin 12 which is used to cascade 2-decade counters to increase the count to
20 pulses, however, cascading more than 2 counters results in reducing the efficiency of
the circuit.
Pin o0-o3 are attached to 1N4149 diode each and then they are shorted, making it an OR
gate and finally connected to red led.
Pin o4- o5 and passed through diodes, shorted, and connected to yellow led.
Pin o6-o9 are connected to green led. For the first 4 pulses, one of the inputs from o0–03
is active sequentially hence red led glows.
For the next two pulses, the yellow led glows, and then the green led for the next4 pulses.
The diodes are attached to prevent the circuit from shortening as it blocks the output for
the pins when it is not forward biased.
Each led is connected to a resistor before being grounded to provide a sink and prevent
the circuit from burning.
 WORKING PRINCIPLE

This traffic light is made with the help of counter IC, which is mainly used for Sequential Circuits.
We can also call it as Sequential Traffic Lights. Sequential circuit are used to count the numbers in
the series.
The main IC is 4017 counter IC which is used to glow the Red, yellow and green LED
respectively.
555 timer acts as a pulse generator providing an input to the 4017 counter IC.
Timing of glow of certain lights totally depends upon the 555 timer’s pulse, which we can control
via the Potentiometer so if you want to change the time of glow, you can do so by varying the
potentiometer, having the responsibility for the timing.
LEDs are not connected directly with 4017 counter, as the lights won’t be stable.
I have used the combination of 1N4149 diodes and the LEDs in order to get the appropriate output.
It can be used to avoid the vehicular collisions and traffic jams. This project is just a one-way
traffic controller.
Main drawback of this circuit is that you can never have an exact timing with this, however you
will have best estimated.
 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

 It will help in reducing the occurrence of possible collision or accident and thereby
improve the confidence of the driver and the pedestrian plighting through the
highways.
 The Project to allay the fear of time wastage at the junctions because of unevenly
directions of traffic system.
 Since the system is capable of working for 24 hours uninterrupted thereby assured
constant availability of traffic control service hence reduce human effort and energy
 CONCLUSION

we have constructed a simple traffic light control system. This system can be
improved by adding a potentiometer instead of R1 that can control the display
time for each LED according to need and also by adding a transformer for
conversion from AC to DC voltage that allows this circuit to work in real-life
applications. It can be further improved by using a density-based traffic control
system with the help of a microcontroller.
 THANK YOU

Limit your “ALWAYS” and your “NEVERS”

~Amy Poehler