SETS

LARRY JAY B. VALERO, LPT

SET

A well-defined collection of distinct objects and is

denoted by an uppercase letter.

Example:
 Set of freshmen college students taking GNED 03
 Set of rainbow colors
 Set of planets in the solar system
Element or Member
an object that belongs to a set
usually denoted by lower case letter
the symbol “∈” denotes a membership while “∉” denotes
non- membership to a set.

Example:
x ∈ A, read as x is an element of A.
x ∉ A, read as x is not an element of A.
 WAYS OF DESCRIBING A SET
Roster or Tabular method - method in which the
elements in the given set are listed or enumerated,
separated by a comma, inside a pair of braces.
Rule or Descriptive method - method in which
the common characteristics of the elements are
defined. This method uses set builder notation
where x is used to represent any element of the
given set.
Example

The distinct letters in the word “mathematics”

Let A be the set of distinct letters of the word
“mathematics”

Roster form: A = {m, a, t, h, e, i, c, s}

Rule form: A = { is the distinct letter of the word
“mathematics”}
Example
The colors of the rainbow
Let B be the set of the colors of the rainbow
 
Roster form:B = {red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet}
Rule form: B = { is the color of the rainbow}
Example
An even prime number
Let C be the set of the even prime number
Even- 0, 2, 4 , 6, 8, 10 …
Prime- 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17 …
 
Roster form: C = {2}
Rule form: C = { is an even prime number }
 KINDS OF SET
1. Empty/Null/Void Set
2. Finite Set
3. Infinite Set
4. Universal Set
 KINDS OF SET
1. Empty/Null/Void Set – set that has no elements,
denoted by Ø or { } with no element inside.

Example:
The set of numbers in the English Alphabet
KINDS OF SET
2. Finite Set - a set with countable number
of elements.

Example:
The set of letters in the English Alphabet
KINDS OF SET

3.Infinite Set – a set that has

uncountable number of elements.

Example:
The set of counting numbers
KINDS OF SET
4. Universal Set - the totality of all the elements of
the sets under consideration, denoted by U.

Example:
The set of real numbers.
 
RELATIONSHIPS OF SETS

1. Equal Sets
2. Equivalent Sets
3. Joint Sets
4. Disjoint Sets
 RELATIONSHIPS OF SETS
1. Equal sets – sets with same
elements
Example:
Let A = {x|x is the distinct letter of the word “dear”}
Let B = {x|x is the distinct letter of the word “read”}
A = { a, d, e, r }
B = { a, d, e, r }
Since both sets have the same elements a, d, e, r, therefore sets A and B are equal sets, denoted by A = B.
 RELATIONSHIPS OF SETS
2. Equivalent sets – sets with same number of
elements
Example:
Let C = {x|x is a neither positive nor negative integer}
Let D = {x|x is an even prime number}
Since C = { 0 } and D = { 2 }, wherein both
C and D have only one element; then, C is
C={0} equivalent to D, denoted by C ~ D or by C
↔D
D={2}
Equal sets are equivalent sets, however, not all equivalents sets are equal sets .
 RELATIONSHIPS OF SETS
3. Joint sets – sets with at least one common element
Example:
Let E = {x|x is the set of positive factors of 4}
Let F = {x|x is the set of positive factors of 9}
E = { 1, 2, 4 }
F = { 1, 3, 9 }

Since element 1 can be found both in sets E and F, then these sets are said to be joint sets.
 RELATIONSHIPS OF SETS
4. Disjoint sets – sets that have no common
element.
Example:
Let G = {x|x is the set of even numbers}
Let H = {x|x is the set of odd numbers}
G = { 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 … }
H = { 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 … }
Since no even number is an odd number and vice versa, then sets G and H are disjoint sets
 SUBSET
Set wherein every element of which can be found on the second set.
The symbol ⊂ means “ a subset of” while the symbol ⊄ means “not
a subset of”
Example:
I = {x|x is a positive factor of 4}
J = {x|x is a positive factor of 12}
I = {1, 2, 4}
J= {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12}
I⊂J
1. Improper subset
- set itself and a null set
-denoted by a symbol ⊆
2. Proper subset
- other than set itself and a null set
- denoted by a symbol ⊂
POWER SET
 set containing all the subsets of the
given set with n number of elements
 with number of elements, where n
is the number of elements
Example.
Let T = {x∣x is the first three letters in English alphabet}
T = {a, b, c,}
Since set T has three elements, then the power set has = 8
subsets.
Let P be the power set, thus
P = {{a}, {b}, {c}, {a,b}, {a,c}, {b,c}, T, Ø }

Set T itself and Ø are the improper

Sets {a}, {b}, {c}, {a,b}, {a,c}, {b,c} are proper
subsets
subsets of T
{a} ⊂ T { c} ⊂ T {a,c} ⊂ T
T ⊆T
Ø ⊆T
{b} ⊂ T {a,b} ⊂ T {b,c} ⊂ T
OPERATIONS ON SETS

1. UNION of sets
2. INTERSECTION of sets
3. DIFFERENCE of sets
4. COMPLEMENT of Sets
OPERATIONS ON SETS
1. UNION OF SETS A and B (denoted by A U B) - set
whose elements are found in A or B or in both
In Symbol: A U B = {x|x ∈ A or x ∈ B}
Example. Let A = {a, b, c, d}
B = {c, d, e}

Then A U B = {a, b, c, d, e}
OPERATIONS ON SETS
2. INTERSECTION of sets A and B (denoted by A ∩ B) –
set whose elements are common to both sets
In Symbol: A ∩ B = {x|x ∈ A and x ∈ B}
Example. Let A = {a, b, c, d}
B = {c, d, e}

Then A ∩ B = {c, d}
OPERATIONS ON SETS
3. DIFFERENCE of sets A and B (denoted by A - B) – set
whose elements are found in set A but not in set B.
In Symbol: A - B = {x|x ∈ A and x ∉ B}
Example. Let A = {a, b, c, d}
B = {c, d, e}

Then A - B = {a, b}
OPERATIONS ON SETS
4. COMPLEMENT OF Set A (denoted by A’) – the set of
elements found in the universal set but not in set A.
In Symbol: A’ = {x|x ∈ U and x ∉ A}
Example. Let U = {a, b, c, d, e}
A = {a, b, c, d}
B = {c, d, e}
Then A’ = {e}
B’ = {a,b} B
Let’s try this!
Given the following;

U = {1,2,4,5,6,8,9,11,12,13} AUC =?
A = {1,5,9,11,13}
B = {2,4,6,8,12}
C = {1,4,5,9,12} A = {1,5,9,11,13}
D = {2,6,8,11,12,13}
C = {1,4,5,9,12}

AUC= {1,4,5,9,11,12,13}
Let’s try this!
Given the following;

U = {1,2,4,5,6,8,9,11,12,13} B∩D =?
A = {1,5,9,11,13}
B = {2,4,6,8,12}
C = {1,4,5,9,12} B = {2,4,6,8,12}
D = {2,6,8,11,12,13}
D = {2,6,8,11,12,13}
B∩D = {2,6,8,12}
Let’s try this!
Given the following;

U = {1,2,4,5,6,8,9,11,12,13} A-C =?
A = {1,5,9,11,13}
B = {2,4,6,8,12}
C = {1,4,5,9,12} A = {1,5,9,11,13}
D = {2,6,8,11,12,13}
C = {1,4,5,9,12}
A- C = {11, 13}
Let’s try this!
Given the following;

U = {1,2,4,5,6,8,9,11,12,13} A’ =?
A = {1,5,9,11,13}
B = {2,4,6,8,12}
C = {1,4,5,9,12} U={1,2,4,5,6,8,9,11,12,13}
D = {2,6,8,11,12,13}
A={1,5,9,11,13}

A’ = {2,4,6,8,12}
Let’s try this!
Given the following;

U = {1,2,4,5,6,8,9,11,12,13} C’ =?
A = {1,5,9,11,13}
B = {2,4,6,8,12}
C = {1,4,5,9,12} U={1,2,4,5,6,8,9,11,12,13}
D = {2,6,8,11,12,13}
C={1,4,5,9,12}

C’ = {2,6,8,11,13}
Let’s try this! (AUB) ∩ (A – C) =?
Given the following; A= {1,5,9,11,13}
B = {2,4,6,8,12}
U = {1,2,4,5,6,8,9,11,12,13}
A = {1,5,9,11,13} A U B = { 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11,12,13}
B = {2,4,6,8,12} A= {1,5,9,11,13}
C = {1,4,5,9,12}
C = {1,4,5,9,12}
D = {2,6,8,11,12,13}
A – C = { 11, 13 }
{1,2,4,5,6,8,9,11,12,13} ∩ {11,13}
{11, 13}
(AUB) ∩ (A – C) = {11,13}
Let’s try this!
A’ U ( B ∩ C )
Given the following; A’ = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 12}
U = {1,2,4,5,6,8,9,11,12,13}
B ∩ C = {4, 12}
A = {1,5,9,11,13} {2, 4, 6, 8, 12} U {4, 12}
B = {2,4,6,8,12}
C = {1,4,5,9,12}
{2, 4, 6, 8, 12}
D = {2,6,8,11,12,13}
Let’s try this!
(A ∩ C)’
Given the following; {1, 5, 9}’
U = {1,2,4,5,6,8,9,11,12,13}
{2, 4, 6, 8, 11, 12, 13}
A = {1,5,9,11,13} (A ∩ C)’ = {2, 4, 6, 8, 11, 12, 13}
B = {2,4,6,8,12}
C = {1,4,5,9,12}
D = {2,6,8,11,12,13} (AUB)’
{1,2,4,5,6,8,9,11,12,13}’
{}
(AUB)’ = Ø
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING ! 