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Introduction To Database Chap - 1

This document provides an overview of key concepts from the first two lectures of an introductory database systems course. It defines databases and database management systems (DBMS), describes the components of a DBMS environment including hardware, software, data, procedures, and people. It also discusses the advantages of the database approach over traditional file-based systems, the history of DBMS development, and advantages and disadvantages of DBMSs.

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72 views34 pages

Introduction To Database Chap - 1

This document provides an overview of key concepts from the first two lectures of an introductory database systems course. It defines databases and database management systems (DBMS), describes the components of a DBMS environment including hardware, software, data, procedures, and people. It also discusses the advantages of the database approach over traditional file-based systems, the history of DBMS development, and advantages and disadvantages of DBMSs.

Uploaded by

saleem
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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F-18IT

Database Systems

Lecture 1-2

Course Facilitator:
Dr. Asghar Ali Chandio
Textbooks
 Database Systems: A Practical Approach to
Design, Implementation and Management, 6th
Edition, by Thomas Connolly and Carolyn Begg
 Database System Concepts 5th Edition, by
Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
 Database Systems: The Complete Book 2nd
Edition, by Hector Garcia-Molina, Jeff Ullman,
and Jennifer Widom

2
In these Lectures
 Introduction.
 Some common uses of database systems.
 Characteristics of file-based systems.
 Problems with file-based approach.
 Meaning of the term database.
 Meaning of the term Database Management
System (DBMS).
In these Lectures
 Typical functions of a DBMS.
 Major components of the DBMS environment.
 Personnel involved in the DBMS environment.
 History of the development of DBMSs.
 Advantages and disadvantages of DBMSs.
Introduction
 A collection of related data.
 A data structure that stores metadata, i.e. data
about data. More generally we can say that a
database is an organized collection of
information.
 A collection of related data organized and
presented for a specific function.
 A database management system (DBMS) is a
software that manages and controls access to
the database.
Introduction
 A database application is simply a program
that interacts with the database at some point
in its execution.
 Database system is a collection of application
programs that interact with the database along
with the DBMS and the database itself.
Examples of Database Applications
 Purchases from the supermarket
 Purchases using your credit card
 Booking a holiday at the travel agents
 Using the local library
 Taking out insurance
 Renting a video
 Using the Internet
 Studying at college / university
File-Based Systems
 Collection of application programs that perform
services for the end users (e.g. reports).

 Each program defines and manages its own data.


 The filing system works well as long as the number
of items to be stored is small.
 It works well if we only store or retrieve the items.
 File-based system breaks when the information is
cross-referenced.
File
 A file is simply a collection of records, which
contains logically related data.
 For example there might be divisions in the file
systems or separate folders for different types of
items which many be logically related.
File-Based Processing
Limitations of File-Based Approach
 Separation and isolation of data
 Each program maintains its own set of data.
 Users of one program may be unaware of
potentially useful data held by other programs.

 Duplication of data
 Same data is held by different programs.
 Wasted space and potentially different values
and/or different formats for the same item.
Limitations of File-Based Approach
 Data dependence
 File structure is defined in the program code.

 Incompatible file formats


 Programs are written in different languages, and so
cannot easily access each other’s files.

 Fixed Queries/Proliferation of application


programs
 Programs are written to satisfy particular functions.
 Any new requirement needs a new program.
Database Approach
 Arose because:
 Definition of data was embedded in application
programs, rather than being stored separately and
independently.
 No control over access and manipulation of data
beyond that imposed by application programs.

 Result:
 the database and Database Management System
(DBMS).
Database
 Shared collection of logically related data (and a
description of this data), designed to meet the
information needs of an organization.
 System catalog (metadata) provides description of
data to enable program–data independence.
 Logically related data comprises entities, attributes,
and relationships of an organization’s information.
 The database is a single, possibly large repository of
data that can be used simultaneously by many
departments and users
Database Management System (DBMS)
 A software system that enables users to define,
create, maintain, and control access to the
database.

 (Database) application program: a computer


program that interacts with database by
issuing an appropriate request (SQL
statement) to the DBMS.
Database Management System (DBMS)
Database Management System (DBMS)
 Data definition language (DDL).
 Permits specification of data types, structures and
any data constraints.
 All specifications are stored in the database.

 Data manipulation language (DML).


 General enquiry facility (query language) of the data.

 It provides controlled access to data.


Database Management System (DBMS)

 Controlled access to database may include:


 a security system: prevents unauthorized users to
access the database
 an integrity system: maintains consistency of the
stored data
 a concurrency control system: allows shared
access of the database
 a recovery control system: restores the database
 a user-accessible catalogue: contains description
of the data
(Database) Application Programs

 A computer program that interacts with


the database by issuing an appropriate
request (typically an SQL statement) to
the DBMS.
 Users interact with the database through
the application programs.
 Application programs can be the batch
applications or the online applications.
Views
 Allows each user to have his or her own view of
the database.

 A view is essentially some subset of the


database.
Views
Views - Benefits
 Reduce complexity
 Provide a level of security
 Provide a mechanism to customize the
appearance of the database
 Present a consistent, unchanging picture of the
structure of the database, even if the
underlying database is changed
Components of DBMS Environment
Components of DBMS Environment
 Hardware
 Can range from a PC to a network of computers.
 Software
 DBMS, operating system, network software (if
necessary) and also the application programs.
 Data
 Used by the organization and a description of
this data called the schema.
 Structure of the database is called schema.
 The structure of the database is determined
during the database design.
Components of DBMS Environment
 Procedures
 Instructions and rules that should be applied to
the design and use of the database and DBMS.
 People
Components of DBMS Environment
Database Design: The Paradigm Shift

 Database design determines the structure of the


database.
 Organizations think for the data first, then the
application- this refers to paradigm shift.
 A well-designed database produces a system
that provides the correct information for the
decision-making process.
 A poorly designed database will generate errors.
Roles in the Database Environment
 Data Administrator (DA): to manage data resource i.e., database
planning, development and maintenance
 Database Administrator (DBA): physical database design and
implementation, security, integrity control
 Database Designers (Logical and Physical): logical is
concerned for the entities, attributes and relationship. Physical
design describes how the logical design is physically realized
 Application Programmers / Developers: develop application
programs for end users
 End Users (naive and sophisticated): naive users are unaware
of DBMS. Sophisticated users are familiar with the structure and
facilities offered by the database
History of Database Systems

 First-generation
 Hierarchical and Network

 Second generation
 Relational

 Third generation
 Object-Relational
 Object-Oriented
Advantages of DBMSs
 Control of data redundancy
 Data consistency
 More information from the same amount of
data
 Sharing of data
 Improved data integrity
 Improved security
 Enforcement of standards
 Economy of scale
Advantages of DBMSs
 Balance conflicting requirements
 Improved data accessibility and responsiveness
 Increased productivity
 Improved maintenance through data
independence
 Increased concurrency
 Improved backup and recovery services
Disadvantages of DBMSs
 Complexity
 Size
 Cost of DBMS
 Additional hardware costs
 Cost of conversion
 Performance
 Greater impact of a failure
Assignment 1
 Write some data that you think to store about
the Department Management System.
 Write some names of the organizations that use
database systems.
 Describe the main characteristics of the
database approach and compare it with the
file-based approach.
END OF CHAPTER 1

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