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Signals Processing Assignment Help

13 Continuous-Time Modulation Recommended Problems

P13.1

In the amplitude modulation system in Figure P13.1-1, the input x(t) has the
Fourier transform shown in Figure P13.1-2.

For each choice of carrier c(t) in the following list, draw the magnitude
and phase of Y(w), the Fourier transform of y(t).
The Fourier transform of s(t) is given by Figure
P13.2-2.

The Fourier transform of x(t) is given by Figure

P13.2-3.

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 For which of the following choices for m(t) and d(t) is y(t)
nonzero?

P13.3

In Section 7.1 of the text, we discussed the effect of a loss in

synchronization in phase between the carrier signals in the modulator and
demodulator for sinusoidal amplitude modulation. Specifically, we showed
that the output of the demodulator is attenuated by the cosine of the phase
difference; in particular, when the modulator and demodulator have a phase
difference of ir/2, the demodulator output is zero. As we demonstrate in this
problem, it is also important to havefrequency synchronization between the
modulator and demodulator.

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Consider the amplitude modulation and demodulation systems in Figure
P13.3-1, with 0e = 0 and with a change in frequency of the demodulator
carrier such that
w(t) = y(t) cos wAdt

where y(t) = x(t) cos Wct

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Let us denote the frequency difference between the modulator and
demodulator as Aw [i.e., (Wd - Wc) = Aw]. Also, assume that x(t) is
bandlimited with X(W) = 0 for Iwl > wm and assume that the cutoff
frequency W of the lowpass filter in the demodulator satisfies the inequality
(wM + |IA|) < W < (2we + Awl -Mo)
(a) Show that the output of the demodulator lowpass filter is proportional to
x(t)cos(AWt).
(b) (b) If the spectrum of x(t) is that shown in Figure P13.3-2, sketch the
spectrum of the output of the demodulator.

You may find it useful to use the trigonometric

identity

P13.4

As discussed in Section 7.1.1 of the text, asynchronous modulation-

demodulation requires the injection of the carrier signal so that the
modulated signal is of the form

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where [A + x(t)] > 0 for all t. The presence of the carrier means that more
transmitter power is required, representing an inefficiency.

(a) Let x(t) be given by x(t) = cos omt with wm < we and [A + x(t)] > 0. For
a periodic signal y(t) with period T, the time average power P, is defined as
P, = (1/T) fTy 2 (t)dt. Determine and sketch Py for y(t) in eq. (P13.4-1).
Express your answer as a function of the modulation index m, defined as the
maximum absolute value of x(t) divided by A.

(b) The efficiency of transmission of an amplitude-modulated signal is

defined to be the ratio of the power in the sidebands of the signal to the total
power in the signal. With x(t) = cos wMt and with wM < wc and [A + x(t)] >
0, determine and sketch the efficiency E of the modulated signal as a
function of the modulation index m.

Optional
Problems
P13.5

Consider the modulated signal z(t) = A(t)cos(wc + 0,), where we, is known
but 0c is unknown. We would like to recover A(t) from z(t).
(a) Show that z(t) = x(t)cos wet + y(t)sin wet and express x(t) and y(t) in
terms of A(t) and 0e,.
(b) (b) Show how to recover x(t) from z(t) by modulation followed by
filtering.
(c) Show how to recover y(t) from z(t) by modulation followed by filtering.
(d) Express A(t) in terms of x(t) and y(t) with no reference to 0c and show
in a block diagram how to recover A(t) from z(t). The following
trigonometric identities may be useful:

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P13.6

A single-sideband modulation system with carrier frequency we, is

shown in Figure P13.6-1.

Sketch the Fourier transform of si(t), s2(t), sA(t), s4(t), sr(t), s,(t), and
y(t), thus showing that y(t) is x(t) single-sideband-modulated on the
carrier We. Assume that x(t) has the real Fourier transform shown in
Figure P13.6-2 and that H(w) is a lowpass filter as shown in Figure
P13.6-3.

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P13.7

Consider the system in Figure P13.7, which can be used to transmit two
real signals over a single transmission channel.

For y 1(t) to be the same as s,(t), and y 2(t) to be the same as s2(t),
choose the proper filter H(w) and place the proper restrictions on the
bandwidth of si(t) and s2(t).
P13.8

A commonly used system to maintain privacy in voice

communications is a speech scrambler. As illustrated in Figure P13.8-
1, the input to the system is a normal speech signal x(t) and the output
is the scrambled version y(t). The signal y(t) is transmitted and then
unscrambled at the receiver.

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We assume that all inputs to the scrambler are real and bandlimited to
frequency wM; that is, X(w) = 0 for IwI > WM. Given any such input, our
proposed scrambler permutes different bands of the input signal spectrum.
In addition, the output signal is real and bandlimited to the same frequency
band; that is, Y(w) = 0 for IwI > wM. The specific permuting algorithm for
our scrambler is

(a) If X(w) is given by the spectrum shown in Figure P13.8-2, sketch the
spectrum of the scrambled signal y(t).

(b) Using amplifiers, multipliers, adders, oscillators, and whatever ideal

filters you find necessary, draw the block diagram for such an ideal
scrambler. (c) Again, using amplifiers, multipliers, adders, oscillators, and
ideal filters, draw a block diagram for the associated unscrambler.

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 Solution
13 Continuous-Time Modulation
Solutions to Recommended Problems

S13.1
(a) By the shifting property,

The magnitude and phase of Y(w) are given in

Figure S13.1-1.

(b) Since ej 3wc+ji2 eer/2e 3 wt, we are modulating the same carrier as in
part (a) except that we multiply the result by eij/ 2 . Thus

Note in Figure S13.1-2 that the magnitude of Y(w) is unaffected and that
the phase is shifted by ir/2.

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(c) Since

we can think of modulation by cos 3wet as the sum of

modulation by

Thus, the magnitude and phase of Y(o) are as shown

in Figure S13.1-3. Note the scaling in the magnitude.

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(d) We can think of modulation by sin 3wet as the sum of
modulation by

Thus, the magnitude and phase of Y(w) are as given in Figure S13.1-4.
Note the scaling by 1in the magnitude.

(e) Since the phase terms are different in parts (c) and (d), we cannot
just add spectra. We need to convert cos 3wct + sin 3wet into the form
A cos(3wet + 0). Note
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Modulating by each exponential separately and then adding yields the
magnitude and phase given in Figure S13.1-5. (Note the scaling in the
magnitude.)

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S13.2

In Figure S13.2-1 we redraw the system with some auxiliary

signals labeled

By the modulation property, Ri(w), the Fourier transform

of ri(t), is

Since S(w) is composed of impulses, Ri(w) is a repetition of X(w) centered at

-2c, 0, and 2we, and scaled by 1/(27r). See Figure S13.2-2.

(a) Since m(t) = d(t) = 1, y(t) is ri(t) filtered twice by the same ideal
lowpass filter with cutoff at we. Thus, comparing the resulting Fourier
transform of y(t), shown in Figure S13.2-3, we see that y(t) = 1/(27r)x(t),
which is nonzero.

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(b) Modulating ri(t) by ei-c' yields R1(w - we) as shown in Figure
S13.2-4.

Similarly, modulating by e ~j'Wyields Ri(o + coc) as shown in

Figure S13.2-5.

Since cos wot = (ewct + e -iwct)/ 2 , modulating ri(t) by cos wct

yields a Fourier transform of r2(t) given by

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 Thus, R 2 (W)is as given in Figure S13.2-6.

After filtering, R3(o) is given as in Figure S13.2-7.

R 4(w) is given by shifting R3(W)up and down by we and dividing by 2.

See Figure S13.2-8.

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 After filtering, Y(w) is as shown in Figure S13.2-9.

Comparing Y(w) and X(w) yields

which is drawn in Figure S13.2-10.

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 After filtering, R3(x) = 0. Therefore, y(t) = 0.

(d) In this case, it is not necessary to know r3(t) exactly. Suppose r 3 (t) is
nonzero, with RA(W) given as in Figure S13.2-11.

After modulating by d(t) = cos 2cot, R 4 (W) is given as

in Figure S13.2-12.

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After filtering, y(t) = 0 since R 4(w) has no energy from
-we, to we,.
(e) For this part, let us calculate R2(w) explicitly.

which is drawn in Figure S13.2-13.

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 After filtering, R3 (w) is as shown in Figure S13.2-14.

Modulating again yields R 4(w) as shown in Figure

S13.2-15.

Finally, filtering R 4 (w) gives the Fourier transform of y(t), shown in Fig
S13.2-16.

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 Thus,

S13.3

(a) The demodulator signal w(t) is related to x(t) via

W(t) = (cos wdt)
(cos Wt)x(t)

The first term is bandlimited to ± (wM + IAwl), while the second

term is bandlimited from Aw + 2wc - wM to Aw + 2wc + wM. Thus
after filtering, only the first term remains. Therefore, the output of
the demodulator lowpass filter is given by .x(t)cos AWt.

(b) Consider first IAw I > wM Then for X(w) as given, ix(t)cos Awt
has a Fourier transform as shown in Figure S13.3-1.

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S13.4
(a) In this case,

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We recognize that the preceding expression is a Fourier series
expansion. Using Parseval's theorem for the Fourier series, we have

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(b) The power in the sidebands is found from P, when A = 0.
Thus, P,y = and the efficiency is

which is sketched in Figure S13.4-2.

Solutions to Optional Problems

S13.5

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If we use an ideal lowpass filter with cutoff wc and if A(t), and thus x(t),
is bandlimited to _oc, then we recover the term x(t)/2. Thus the
processing is as shown in Figure S13.5-1.

(c) Similarly, consider

Filtering z(t) sin wct with the same filter as in part (b) yields y(t), as
shown in
Figure S13.5-2.

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(d) We can readily see that

Note that to be able to recover A(t) in this way, the Fourier

transform of A(t) must be zero for o > oc| I and A(t) > 0. Also note
that we are implicitly assuming that A(t) is a real signal.

S13.6
From Figures P13.6-1 to P13.6-3, we can relate
the Fourier transforms of all the signals
concerned.

Thus, Si(w) and S2(O) appear as in Figure S13.6-1.

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After filtering, S3(w) andS 4(w) are given as in Figure S13.6-
2.

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 S5(U)is as follows (see Figure S13.6-3):

Note that the amplitude is reversed since (1/2j)(1/2j) = -I.

S6(w) is as follows and as shown in Figure S13.6-4.

Finally, Y(w) = S5(w) + S6(w), as shown in Figure S13.6-5.

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 Thus, y(t) is a single-sideband modulation of x(t).
S13.7

Note that

Using trigonometric identities, we have

Thus, if s1(t) is bandlimited to ± wo and we use the filter H(w) as given in

Figure S13.7, y 1(t) will then equal s1(t).

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Similarly,

Using the same filter and imposing the same restrictions on s 2(t), we
obtain y 2(t) = s2 (t).
S13.8
(a) X(w) is given as in Figure S13.8-1.

For Y(w), the spectrum of the scrambled signal is as shown in

Figure S13.8-2.

Thus, X(w) is reversed for w > 0 and w < 0.

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(b) Suppose we multiply x(t) by cos Wot. Denoting z(t) = x(t)cos wmt, we
find that Z(w) is composed of scaled versions of X(w) centered at ± wM.
See Figure S13.8-3.

Filtering z(t) with an ideal lowpass filter with a gain of 2 yields y(t),
as shown in Figure S13.8-4.

(c) Suppose we use the same system to recover x(t). Let y(t)cos Wmt =
r(t). Then R(w) is as given in Figure S13.8-5.

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Filtering with the same lowpass filter yields x(t).

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