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Stage 2 Sace Biology: TOPIC 1: DNA and Proteins Chapter 1.1 DNA Structure

DNA is made up of nucleotides containing phosphate, sugar, and organic bases. It exists in cells as chromatin found within the nucleus. DNA stores and transmits genetic information to make copies through semi-conservative replication before cell division. The structure of DNA was discovered in the 1940s by Watson and Crick who described its double helix shape formed by complementary base pairing between strands.

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214 views41 pages

Stage 2 Sace Biology: TOPIC 1: DNA and Proteins Chapter 1.1 DNA Structure

DNA is made up of nucleotides containing phosphate, sugar, and organic bases. It exists in cells as chromatin found within the nucleus. DNA stores and transmits genetic information to make copies through semi-conservative replication before cell division. The structure of DNA was discovered in the 1940s by Watson and Crick who described its double helix shape formed by complementary base pairing between strands.

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KassyKas
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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STAGE 2

SACE
BIOLOGY
TOPIC 1: DNA and Proteins
Chapter 1.1 DNA structure
Chapter 1.1: DNA Structure

• All matter is made up of ……………………….


• Some substances, called ……………………….., consist of only one
kind of atom
• 92 naturally occurring elements on Earth such as carbon (C),
hydrogen (H), oxygen (O).
• Atoms of different kinds can join together chemically to form
………………… Ex: water.
DNA Structure

• Chemical compounds classified into two main groups:


a. ……………………………
b. ……………………………
DNA Structure

• All organic compounds:


 contain ……………………………………..
 complex
 produced by or associated with living things
DNA Structure

• Differentiate the following as organic or inorganic compound:


i. Water
ii. Glucose
iii. Carbon dioxide
DNA Structure

• Four major types of organic compounds in cells and organisms :


• …………………………………….. (DNA and RNA)
• …………………………….
• …………………………….
• ……………………………
DNA Structure

• Organic compounds play important roles in cells,


both as structural components and in cellular
reactions
• Some of these compounds are relatively large and
are often refereed to as macromolecules
• These macromolecules are made up of smaller
molecules called …………………….. that join
together in long chains
DNA Structure

• DNA –
• stores and transmits ………………………………………..
• Same function in all living things.
• Was first isolated in 1869 by Swiss chemist, Friedrich Miescher
who discovered it was acidic and contained the element phosphorus.
• Found in nucleus of cells and was named nucleic acid
DNA Structure

• Structure of DNA began to be discovered in 1940s.


• The two scientists credited with the work were James
Watson and Francis Crick.
• SHE 1.1
• DNA is unique molecule because it is able to self-replicate –
can make copy of itself. Its sequence of nucleotides allows it
to store information that can be copied and passed to
daughter cells.
Chromosomes and DNA

• DNA in cells found in structures called ……………………..


• Ends of chromosomes have short lengths of DNA called
……………………………… - protects the tips of chromosomes
from breakdown and stop chromosomes from binding to one
another (read page 8 textbook)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xUrlreMaUrs
Two types of different cells evolved over time: prokaryotic cells and
eukaryotic cells.

Eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic cells • Complex, multicellular
• First to exist
• More specialised
• Unspecialised
• Membrane-bound organelles (i.e nucleus,
• Do not contain membrane-bound organelles mitochondria)
• Ex;bacteria cells • Ex: animal cells, plant cells and fungi
• DNA found in nucleoid region • DNA found in nucleus
• Circular DNA, one chromosome, ds, not bound to proteins• Linear DNA (chromatin) – bound to proteins
• Has RNA, proteins, ribosomes (histones)
• Plasmids – ds, circular • RNA, ribosomes, proteins

• Small (1-10 µm) • Lack plasmids


• Larger ( 10 – 100 µm)
A prokaryotic cell
A eukaryotic cell – plant cell
A eukaryotic cell – animal cell
Mitochondria and Chloroplast
• Membrane-bound organelles
• Contain own DNA – double stranded but circular. Not bound to
proteins (similar to prokaryotic cells)
DNA structure - DNA Structure - YouTube

• Enables it to perform two vital functions necessary for life:


 ability to make copies of itself so that genetic information can pass
from cell to cell and can be inherited or passed on to the next
generation
 ability to provide a code that can be used by cells to manufacture
protein molecules.
DNA structure

• Large macromolecules made up of repeating units called


…………………………………..
• Nucleotides are complex molecules made up of three smaller molecules linked
together by covalent bonds:
 a pentose (5C) sugar called ………………………..
 a phosphate group
Four organic bases : ……………………., …………………….,
…………………….., ……………………………………….
DNA structure
DNA structure

• Phosphate of one nucleotide


is attached to the sugar of the
next nucleotide – results in
backbone of alternating
phosphates and sugars from
which the bases project
• This backbone forms strand
of DNA
DNA structure

• Each base forms weak hydrogen bonds with its complementary base located at the same position on
the other strand as follows :
• Adenine only bonds with ……………….
• Guanine only bonds with ………………….
• Weak hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs in DNA are an advantage to cells because
they are easy to break and reform.
• Important in DNA replication which involves breaking part the DNA double helix to expose its
organic bases for base pairing
• When DNA is assembles, consist of two complementary strands that forms DNA double helix
• The sugar-phosphate backbone is clearly visible, linked by the complementary base pairing
• Untwisted DNA strands
• The two DNA strands
run in opposite
direction and linked by
hydrogen bonds
between
complementary bases
 Evidence for complementary bonding is supported by DNA analysis which reveals
that each species has :

 A = T, G=C

 Example, if there is 20% thymine in a DNA molecules, there will also be 20%
adenine, and 30% guanine, 30% cytosine

 A chromosome is made up of many segments called genes

 Each gene is unique sequence of bases on one strand of DNA (template strand)

 The sequence of bases in genes varies from one DNA molecule to another and it is
this variation in the base code that enables DNA to be such a versatile and diverse
molecule .

 Different species on earth differ in:

 number of chromosomes found in cells


 Base sequences of genes found in their DNA
 Length of DNA molecules and hence the number of bases

 Human chromosomes have around 3 billion base pairs


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IePMXxQ-KWY
Progress Activity

• Explore the work of Watson, Crick, Franklin, and Wilkins in the


discovery of the structure of DNA.
• Produce a one/two page report showing the timeline and their significant discovery
• Include citations used for your findings
RNA

• Stands for
………………………………..
• Single stranded
• The same components of nucleotide
 A phosphate group
 a pentose sugar – ribose
 organic bases – Adenine (A), Uracil
(U), Guanine (G), Cytosine(C)
Summary of differences of chromosomes in
prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Prokaryotic chromosomes Eukaryotic chromosomes

Linear

No histones

Located in the cytoplasm

Two or more per cell

Most have no introns (non-coding DNA)

Centromere – like structure attaches to cell Centromere attached to spindle fibres during
membrane during cell division cell division
Telomere

• Repetitive sequences of DNA found at the end of eukaryotic chromosome


• The telomeres in humans are single stranded of DNA with several thousands repeats of
the sequence TTAGGG
• Telomere prevents the ends of chromosomes fusing with each other, causing mutations
• Telomere limits the number of times a cell can divide
• Enzyme telomerase repairs telomere
• When DNA replicates, the telomere shortened. When telomere becomes too short, cell
cannot divide, cell dies.
Progress Check

• Complete study questions from textbook (page 9)


DNA Replication

• Occurs in both prokaryotic and


eukaryotic cells
• Mechanism for copying DNA
• Takes places in the nucleoid region
(prokaryotic) and nucleus
(eukaryotic)
• Said to be semi-conservative –
after replication, each double
strand of DNA consists of an old
template strand and a new
complementary strand
DNA Replication

• each strand of DNA molecule has the information necessary to construct the other
strand
• Occurs prior to cell division in both prokaryotic cells (binary fission) and eukaryotic
cells (mitosis) – so that each daughter cell produced contains identical DNA to the
parent cell
• Amount of DNA in the original cell doubles during replication, but number of
chromosomes reman the same
• Each new cell formed has the same number of chromosomes and the same amount of
DNA in the original cells
DNA Replication

• DNA can be seen in three


forms:
 chromatin
 condensed chromosome
 after DNA replication
as a chromosome
consisting of two
identical sister
Not dividing cell

Just before cell


division
Summary of DNA replication

• Enzyme ……………………………… breaks the hydrogen bonds between the


complementary bases joining the two strands
• Each strand serve as a ……………………… strand for making new strand which
is complementary to the template
• DNA nucleotides base pairs to the exposed bases, i.e A-T, G-C
• Enzyme …………………………………… link the nucleotides to the newly
forming strand
• Each new double-stranded DNA molecule rewinds into a double helix
DNA replication

http://nortonbooks.com/college/biology/animations/
ch12a04.htm
Watch the videos in the links given

• https://essentialseducation.com.au/online-resources/eva-dna-replicat
ion/
- DNA Structure and Replication animation

• https://essentialseducation.com.au/online-resources/ecv-dna-replicat
ion/
- all about DNA structure and replication video
End Chapter 1.1 Exercise

• Complete the workbook exercise (Q1-Q4)


• Homework: Complete the worksheet given (submit in one week)

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