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Microprocessor and Controller

The microprocessor is a central processing unit fabricated on a single chip capable of performing arithmetic and logical operations. It consists of an ALU, register array, and control unit. The microprocessor fetches instructions from memory, decodes them, and executes them by sending results to outputs. Microcontrollers are similar but dedicated to performing specific tasks and are used in embedded applications like appliances. PLCs were developed for industrial control and provide programmable and ruggedized control to replace hard-wired relays and timers.

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Sai Murali Sirapu
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51 views

Microprocessor and Controller

The microprocessor is a central processing unit fabricated on a single chip capable of performing arithmetic and logical operations. It consists of an ALU, register array, and control unit. The microprocessor fetches instructions from memory, decodes them, and executes them by sending results to outputs. Microcontrollers are similar but dedicated to performing specific tasks and are used in embedded applications like appliances. PLCs were developed for industrial control and provide programmable and ruggedized control to replace hard-wired relays and timers.

Uploaded by

Sai Murali Sirapu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MICROPROCESSOR:

• Microprocessor is a controlling unit of a micro-computer,


fabricated on a small chip capable of performing ALU
(Arithmetic Logical Unit) operations and communicating with
the other devices connected to it.

• Microprocessor consists of an ALU, register array, and a control


unit. ALU performs arithmetical and logical operations on the
data received from the memory or an input device. Register array
consists of registers identified by letters like B, C, D, E, H, L and
accumulator. The control unit controls the flow of data and
instructions within the computer.
Microprocessor Work

• The microprocessor follows a sequence: Fetch, Decode, and then


Execute.

• Initially, the instructions are stored in the memory in a sequential


order. The microprocessor fetches those instructions from the
memory, then decodes it and executes those instructions till
STOP instruction is reached. Later, it sends the result in binary to
the output port. Between these processes, the register stores the
temporarily data and ALU performs the computing functions.
List of Terms Used in a Microprocessor

• Instruction Set − It is the set of instructions that the


microprocessor can understand.
• Bandwidth − It is the number of bits processed in a single
instruction.
• Clock Speed − It determines the number of operations per second
the processor can perform. It is expressed in megahertz (MHz) or
gigahertz (GHz).It is also known as Clock Rate.
• Word Length − It depends upon the width of internal data bus,
registers, ALU, etc. An 8-bit microprocessor can process 8-bit data
at a time. The word length ranges from 4 bits to 64 bits depending
upon the type of the microcomputer.
• Data Types − The microprocessor has multiple data type formats
like binary, BCD, ASCII, signed and unsigned numbers.
Features of a Microprocessor

• Cost-effective − The microprocessor chips are available at low


prices and results its low cost.
• Size − The microprocessor is of small size chip, hence is portable.
• Low Power Consumption − Microprocessors are manufactured
by using metaloxide semiconductor technology, which has low
power consumption.
• Versatility − The microprocessors are versatile as we can use the
same chip in a number of applications by configuring the software
program.
• Reliability − The failure rate of an IC in microprocessors is very
low, hence it is reliable.
MICROCONTROLLER:

• A microcontroller is a computer present in a single integrated


circuit which is dedicated to perform one task and execute one
specific application.

• It contains memory, programmable input/output peripherals as well


a processor. Microcontrollers are mostly designed for embedded
applications and are heavily used in automatically controlled
electronic devices such as cellphones, cameras, microwave ovens,
washing machines, etc.
Features of a microcontroller:

• Far more economical to control electronic devices and processes as


the size and cost involved is comparatively less than other
methods.
• Operating at a low clock rate frequency, usually use four bit words
and are designed for low power consumption.
• Architecture varies greatly with respect to purpose from general to
specific, and with respect to microprocessor, ROM, RAM or I/O
functions.
• Has a dedicated input device and often has a display for output.
• Usually embedded in other equipment and are used to control
features or actions of the equipment.
• Program used by microcontroller is stored in ROM.
• Used in situations where limited computing functions are needed
Microprocessor 8085 architecture:
• An accumulator is a register for short-term, intermediate storage of arithmetic and logic
data in a computer's CPU (central processing unit).

• Temporary register is also an 8-bit register which the programmer can't access at all. It is
temporarily stored inside 8085 microprocessor which is 8 bit operand to the instruction
set. ... The result is stored in the accumulator, and the flags (flip-flops) are set or reset
according to the result of the operation.

• The Flag register is a Special Purpose Register. Depending upon the value of result after
any arithmetic and logical operation the flag bits become set (1) or reset (0). In 8085
microprocessor, flag register consists of 8 bits and only 5 of them are useful.

• IR (Instruction Register) is a special purpose register, which is used to receive the 8-bit
opcode portion of an instruction. It is not accessible to the programmer. What it means
is that there are no instructions by which the programmer can load it with values of his
choice. For example, instructions like ‘MOV IR, D’ or ‘MVI IR, 45H’ are not present in
the instruction set of 8085. Thus, IR register is not shown in the programmer's view of
8085.
• The 8085 has six general-purpose registers to store 8-bit data; these are identified as-
B, C, D, E, H, and L. These can be combined as register pairs – BC, DE, and HL, to
perform some 16-bit operation. These registers are used to store or copy temporary
data, by using instructions, during the execution of the program.

• Address and data buffers are used for bidirectional data transfer. They perform the
unidirectional data transfer when they send out the Least Significant Byte of the
address. These buffers are only used for increasing the driving capacity of the current.

• INTR, RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5.5 are maskable interrupts in 8085 microprocessor.
Non-Maskable Interrupts are those which cannot be disabled or ignored by
microprocessor. TRAP is a non-maskable interrupt.
Microprocessor 8085 pin configuration :
• X1, X2 − A crystal (RC, LC N/W) is connected at these two pins and is used
to set frequency of the internal clock generator. This frequency is internally divided by 2.
CLK OUT − This signal is used as the system clock for devices connected with the
microprocessor.

• There are 2 serial signals, i.e. SID and SOD and these signals are used for serial
communication. SOD (Serial output data line) − The output SOD is set/reset as specified
by the SIM instruction. SID (Serial input data line) − The data on this line is loaded into
accumulator whenever a RIM instruction is executed.

• HLDA (HOLD Acknowledge) − It indicates that the CPU has received the HOLD
request and it will relinquish the bus in the next clock cycle. HLDA is set to low after the
HOLD signal is removed.

• HOLD – It indicates that another device is requesting the use of the address and data
bus. Having received HOLD request the microprocessor relinquishes the use of the buses
as soon as the current machine cycle is completed.
• These are output status signals used to give information of operation performed by
microprocessor. The S0 and S1 lines specify 4 different conditions of 8085 machine
cycles. Read: This is an active low output control signal used to read data from memory
or an I/O device.

• This signal indicates that the selected IO or memory device is to be read and is ready
for accepting data available on the data bus. WR − This signal indicates that the data
on the data bus is to be written into a selected memory or IO location. ... When the pulse
goes down it indicates data.

• This signal indicates that the data on the data bus is to be written into a selected
memory or IO location. ALE − It is a positive going pulse generated when a new
operation is started by the microprocessor. When the pulse goes high, it indicates
address.
Microcontroller 8051 architecture:
Microcontroller 8051 pin configuration:
programmable logic controller (PLC)
A programmable logic controller (PLC) or programmable controller is
an industrial digital computer which has been ruggedized and adapted
for the control of manufacturing processes, such as assembly lines,
or robotic devices, or any activity that requires high reliability control
and ease of programming and process fault diagnosis.

PLCs were first developed in the automobile manufacturing industry to


provide flexible, ruggedized and easily programmable controllers to
replace hard-wired relays, timers and sequencers. Since then, they have
been widely adopted as high-reliability automation controllers suitable
for harsh environments. A PLC is an example of a "hard" real-time
system since output results must be produced in response to input
conditions within a limited time, otherwise unintended operation will
result.
PLC Architecture

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