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Class 11 CH 7

The document summarizes key aspects of human memory from a psychology textbook. It discusses the three stages of memory (encoding, storage, retrieval). It also describes different types of long-term memory and factors that influence memory, such as levels of processing. Furthermore, it covers theories of forgetting and strategies to enhance memory, such as mnemonics. The document provides an overview of important concepts regarding the nature and functioning of human memory.

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Varun Dhawan
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207 views9 pages

Class 11 CH 7

The document summarizes key aspects of human memory from a psychology textbook. It discusses the three stages of memory (encoding, storage, retrieval). It also describes different types of long-term memory and factors that influence memory, such as levels of processing. Furthermore, it covers theories of forgetting and strategies to enhance memory, such as mnemonics. The document provides an overview of important concepts regarding the nature and functioning of human memory.

Uploaded by

Varun Dhawan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PSYCHOLOGY

CLASS 11th

Chapter 7
(Human Memory)
Psychology Class 11 & 12 YT
Nature of memory
“Memory is the means by which we draw on our past
experiences in order to use this information in the present”

Three stages :

Encoding : Recorded and registered


Storage : Stored and retained
Retrieval : Bringing into awareness

Psychology Class 11 & 12 YT


The stage model

Control processes - ( selective attention, Maintain


rehearsal, Chunking and Elaborative Rehersals.)

Types of long term memory :


Declarative (facts, names, dates, etc)
- Episodic (biographical details, emotional info) or
- Semantic (general awareness, basic knowledge)
Procedural (procedures of various tasks)
Psychology Class 11 & 12 YT
Levels of processing
Processing of any new information relates to the manner in
which it is perceived, analysed and understood, which
determines, for how long we would be able to retain that.
First level: physical or structural features.
Intermediate level : phonetic sounds attached
Deepest level : understands meaning.

"This view of memory will help you realise that while you are
learning a new lesson you must focus on elaborating the
meaning of its content in as much detail as possible and not
depend on rote memorization."

Psychology Class 11 & 12 YT


Memory As A Constructive Process
 It is a constructive process as the information that is stored undergoes
modification according to past knowledge and schemas. (refers to active
organisation of past reactions and experiences)
 Bartlett pointed that the memorised information is influenced by the
meaning that is assigned to the stimulus material. It cannot remain in
isolation from other cognitive processes after reaching in the memory
system.
 He also presented some experiments in which the reading of stimulus
materials were followed by fifteen minutes break and the participants had
to recall what they read. They altered the texts to make them more
consistent with their knowledge and transformed the material in a more
rational and better way.
 Therefore, it can be concluded that memory is a constructive process as
the stored information is dynamic and changes or modifies from time to
time.
Psychology Class 11 & 12 YT
Nature and Causes of Forgetting
"The rate of forgetting is maximum in the first nine hours
particularly during the first hour after that the rate slows down
and not much is forgotten even after many days."

Three main theories that explains forgetting are : -

1). Forgetting due to trace decay (Memory traces, if not used for
long time, it will fade away.)
2). Forgetting due to interference. (Proactive & retroactive)
3). Forgetting due to retrieval failure (Retrieval cues are absent
or inappropriate)

Psychology Class 11 & 12 YT


Enhancing memory
Strategies for improving memory are called mnemonics.

1). Mnemonics using images :


- The keyboard method
- The method of Loci

2). Mnemonics using organisation :


- Chunking
- First letter technique

Psychology Class 11 & 12 YT


Suggestions for improving memory
Engage in deep level processing
Minimise interference
Give yourself enough retrieval cues.

What is PQRST technique?

Psychology Class 11 & 12 YT


Topics Covered :
Nature of memory
The stage model
Levels of processing
Types of long term memory
Memory As A Constructive Process
Nature and Causes of Forgetting
Enhancing memory

Psychology Class 11 & 12 YT

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