GLOBAL HEALTH ISSUE

KESEHATAN IBU DAN ANAK

S. RAHAYU SANUSI, MKES, PH.D

 KESEHATAN IBU DAN ANAK
• Every day, approximately 800 women • The health of women and children is
die from preventable causes related vital to creating a healthy world.
to pregnancy and childbirth. Despite great progress, there are still
• Newborn, or neonatal, deaths too many mothers and children dying
account for 40% of all deaths among —mostly from causes that could have
children under five. Pneumonia kills been prevented. Every day,
an estimated 1.1 million children approximately 800 women die from
under the age of five years every year preventable causes related to
—more pregnancy and childbirth. 99% of
• these deaths occur in developing
than AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis countries. In 2012, 6.6 million
combined children died before age 5—5 million
Each year diarrhea kills around of them in the first year
760,000 children under five. Improvements in maternal and child
(MCH) are a major focus of the
health-related Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs 4, 5, and
6), which still need substantial work
to achieve 2015 targets, particularly
in sub-Saharan Africa.
The Facts of MCH World Wide
ANALISIS SITUASI
The Roots Of Problems
 Maternal and children health.
HEALTH

MOTHER CHILD

SOCIETY
Healthy children need healthy mothers
 WHO. Health definition.

• WHO 2001: Health is a complete

physical, mental and social well-being
state and not only absence of disease
or ailment.

• This medullar ideas conform the totality

in health, although there are differences
between ages, countries, cultures,
classes and gender that prevent a
homogenous consensus.
 Health.
• Physical and mental health, and well-
being/social health, cannot exist
independent. It belongs to interdependent
dimensions.

• Health and disease exist simultaneously

and are mutually exclusive only if the
health is defined restrictively
 Human health.

• Health and disease are determined by

many factors that interact in social,
psychological and biological form.

• Those that world-wide are associate with

indicators of poverty and low levels of
education.
 Individual health.

• Individual health is affected by

individual factors, social interaction,
cultural structures and values society
resources.

• Economic levels and health services

eficacy and effectiveness have direct
implications in the individual, familiar
and communities health;from the local
to the global setting.
 Public health.
• Like a science and art, Public health is to
promote health, to prevent diseases and
to prolong the life through organized
efforts of the society.

• The gains in health have been obtained as

a result of improvements in the economic
income, education, water provision,
nutrition, hygiene, house, health services
and the result of new knowledge on the
causes, prevention and treatment of
diseases.
 PHEF and maternal/child health

PHEF 1:Population health

monitoring and analyses

PHEF 2. Monitoring,
investigation PHEF 3. Health promotion.
and control
of risks and damages PHEF 4. Social
participation &
empowerment
PHEF 5. Development of PHEF 9. Quality of health
policies services
and capacity of management.
PHEF 7: Evaluation and promotion of the
equitable access to the services

PHEF 11. FESP 10.

Impact reduction Researching &
of emergencies development
and disasters
 Demographic
changes
Chronic diseases
Epidemiologic
Modern
changes life
condition SANITARY PUBLIC
CHALLENGES HEALTH
Accidents
Environment
MORBIDITY POPULATION
MORTALITY HEALTH STATUS

SDH
Reproductive Maternal &
health Child health
Emergent
Reemergent
Inequities
Diseases Maternal Risk factor

Child Local &

Undernutrition Morbidity Global health
Lack of access problem.
&
Mortality
 Public health challenges.

• Actual sanitary challenges requires to

implement new strategies of public health
that prevent the diseases appearance and
promote total development of health.

• These challenges exist due to the priority of

diseases treatment services by on promotion
programs and primary prevention of diseases.
 Reproductive health.
• Addresses the reproductive processes,
functions and system at all stages of
life.

• Implies that people are able to have a

responsible, satisfying and safe sex life
and that they have the capability to
reproduce and the freedom to decide if,
when and how often to do so.
 Reproductive health.
• Implicit the right to be informed of and to
have access to safe, effective, affordable
and acceptable methods of fertility
regulation of their choice.

• Women right of access to appropriate

health care services to go safely through
pregnancy and childbirth and provide
couples with the best chance of having a
healthy infant.
 Reproductive health universe.

Genetics factor
Social
determinants Health services
of health Promotion
&
Prevention
Reproductive
health
Maternal Morbidity
& &
Child health Mortality
 Maternal health.

• Health of women during pregnancy, childbirth

and the postpartum period.

• Motherhood, for too many women it is

associated with suffering, ill-health and death.

• Haemorrhage, infection, HBP, unsafe abortion

and obstructed labour still are major direct
causes of maternal morbidity and mortality.
 Maternal health care.
• Is a concept that encompasses family
planning, preconception, prenatal, and
posnatal care.

• Goals of preconception care can

include providing education, health
promotion, screening and interventions
for women of reproductive age to
reduce risk factors that might affect
future pregnancies.
 Maternal prenatal care.
• Prenatal care is the comprehensive care
that women receive and provide for
themselves throughout their pregnancy.

• Women who begin prenatal care early in

their pregnancies have better birth
outcomes than women who receive little
or no care during their pregnancies.
 Maternal postnatal care.
• Postnatal care issues include recovery
from childbirth, concerns about newborn
care, nutrition, breastfeeding and family
planning.

• Time just after delivery is especially

critical for newborns and mothers,
especially during the first 24 hours. Two-
thirds of all maternal deaths occur in this
postnatal period;.
 Maternal health and developing
countries.
• Most women do not have a good access to
the health care and sexual health education
services.

• A woman in sub-Saharan Africa has a 1 in 16

chance of dying in pregnancy or childbirth,
compared to a 1 in 4,000 risk in a developing
country – the largest difference between
poor and rich countries of any health
indicator.

•
Maternal health and developing countries.
• At the level of preconception and
prenatal care, pregnancy complications
and childbirth are the leading causes of
death among women of reproductive
age.

• Less than one percent of these deaths

occur in developed countries, showing
that they could be avoided if resources
and services were available.
 Maternal & child health.
• There are birth-related disabilities that
affect many more women and go
untreated like injuries to pelvic
muscles, organs or the spinal cord.

• At least 20% of the burden of disease in

children below the age of 5 is related to
poor maternal health and nutrition, as
well as quality of care at delivery and
during the newborn period.
 Maternal & child health.

• Yearly 8 million babies die before or

during delivery or in the first week of
life.

• Further, many children are tragically left

motherless each year.

• These children are 10 times more likely

to die within two years of their mothers'
death.
 Maternal and child health and
disease
• Maternal and child health and disease
has multi-factor origin and can exist of
sequential and continuous form.

• Bad maternal conditions account for

the fourth leading cause of death for
women after HIV/AIDS, malaria, and
tuberculosis
 Maternal death.
• Death of a woman while pregnant or within
42 days of termination of pregnancy,
irrespective of the duration and site of the
pregnancy, from any cause related to or
aggravated by the pregnancy or its
management but not from accidental or
incidental causes.

• Burden of maternal mortality is an

important input to health decision-making.
 Burden of morbidity and mortality in
maternal period.
• Global burden of disease in pregnancy
woman (GBDPW) analysis provides a
comprehensive and comparable
assessment of mortality and loss of health
due to pregnancy and its risk factors in all
regions.

• Is assessed using the disability-adjusted

life year (DALY), that combines years of
life lost due to premature mortality.
 Maternal death.
• To facilitate the identification of
maternal deaths in circumstances in
which cause of death attribution is
inadequate, a new category has been
introduced:

• Pregnancy-related death is defined as

the death of a woman while pregnant or
within 42 days of termination of
pregnancy, irrespective of the cause of
death.
 Maternal mortality.
• Critical indicator of population health
reflecting the overall state of maternal
health as well as quality and accessibility
of PHC available to pregnant women and
infants. Maternal mortality ratio is
measured per 100 000 live births.

• Measuring maternal mortality accurately

is difficult except where comprehensive
registration of deaths and of causes of
death exists.
 Maternal mortality.
• Maternal deaths are clustered around the
intrapartum (labour, delivery and the
immediate postpartum); the most
common direct cause globally is
obstetric haemorrhage.

• Other major causes are: obstetric

haemorrhage; anaemia; sepsis/infection
obstructed labour; hypertensive
disorders and unsafe abortions.
•
 Maternal death risks.
• Risk of maternal death is affected by
many factors like:

• Frequency and spacing of births.

• Nutrition level (maternal undernutrition)

• Stature and maternal age.

 Maternal death risk.
• Appropriate medical and midwife support.

• Access to emergency and intensive

treatment if were necessary.

• Lack of management capacity in the

health system.

• No political will and lack of management

capacity in the health system.
 Maternal death risk.
• Another risk to expectant women is
malaria. It can lead to anaemia, which
increases the risk for maternal and infant
mortality and developmental problems for
babies.

• A majority of these deaths and

disabilities are preventable, being mainly
due to insufficient care during pregnancy
and delivery.
 Maternal death risk.
• HIV infection is an increasing threat.
Mother-to-child transmission of HIV
continues to be a major problem, with up
to 45 per cent of HIV-infected mothers
transmitting infection to their children.

• Further, HIV is becoming a major cause

of maternal mortality in highly affected
countries in Southern Africa, especially
with the TB re-emergency.
 Children health.
• Child's health includes physical, mental
and social well-being too.

• Each year more than 10 million children

under the age of five die.

• At least 6.6 million child deaths can be

prevented each year if affordable health
interventions are made available to the
mothers and children who need them.
 Underlying causes of Child illness and
death.
• Poverty: More than 200 million children
under five live in absolute poverty, on
less than $1 per day.

• Under-nutrition and malnutrition: At

least 200 million children under five are
malnourished.

• High fertility and short birth intervals.

 Infant mortality
• Critical indicator of population health
reflecting the overall state of maternal
health as well as quality and
accessibility of PHC available to
pregnant women and infants.

• Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): number of

infant deaths per 1,000 live births in a
population.
 Other indicators.
• Neonatal Death: Death of an infant less
than 28 days after birth (<28 days).

• Postneonatal Death: Death of an infant

between 28 days and one year after
birth (28-364 days).

• Low Birthweight (LBW): Birth weight

less than 2,500 grams and VLBW 1500.
 Infant and neonatal mortality.
• Infant mortality rate is made up of two
components: neonatal mortality (death in
the first 28 days of life) & postneonatal
mortality (death from the infants’ 29th day
but within the first year).

• The leading causes of neonatal death

include birth defects, disorders related to
short gestation and LBW, and pregnancy
complications.
 Neonatal mortality.
• The most to be preventable are those
related to preterm birth and LBW, which
represent approximately 20 percent of
neonatal deaths.

• Postneonatal death reflects events

experienced in infancy, including SIDS,
birth defects, injuries, and homicide. SIDS
is the leading cause of postneonatal
death.
 Neonatal mortality.
• Most neonatal deaths usually occur in the
first 24 hours of life, and three-quarters of
neonatal deaths occur in the first week
after birth.

• Most newborn deaths are preventable

through affordable interventions. To
address the high burden of newborn
deaths care must be available during
pregnancy, labour and postpartum.
 Perinatal and fetal mortality.
• Health of infants depends in large part
on their health in utero. A fetus with
severe defects or growth problems may
not be delivered alive.

• Because only live births are counted in

infant mortality rates, perinatal and fetal
mortality rates provide a more complete
picture of perinatal health than does the
infant mortality rate alone.
 Perinatal mortality.
• The perinatal mortality rate includes
both deaths of live-born infants
through the first 7 days of life and fetal
deaths after 28 weeks of gestation.

• This rate is a useful overall measure of

perinatal health and the quality of
health care provided to pregnant
women and newborns.
 Fetal death.
• Fetal death often is associated with
maternal complications of pregnancy,
such as problems with amniotic fluid
levels and blood disorders.

• Also when birth defects, such as

anencephalus, renal agenesis, and
hydrocephalus, are present.
 Fetal death.
• Rates of fetal mortality are 35 percent
greater than average in women who
use tobacco during pregnancy and 77
percent higher in women who use
alcohol.

• Targeting prenatal risk screening and

intervention to high-risk groups is
critical to reducing this gap.
Stillbirth (around in the dark)
• Information about 4 million neonatal
deaths worldwide is limited, even less
information is available for stillbirths
(babies born dead in the last 12 weeks of
pregnancy) and there are no systematic
global estimates.

• The numbers of stillbirths are high and

regions in which most stillbirths
occur,with under-reporting being a
major challenge.
 Under-five mortality rate (U5MR) .
• Indicates the probability of dying
between birth and exactly five years of
age, expressed per 1,000 live births, if
subject to current mortality rates.

• It has several advantages as a barometer

of child well-being in general and child
health in particular. It measures an
‘outcome’ of the development process.
Under-five mortality rate (U5MR)

• Is known to be the result of a wide

variety of inputs:
• nutritional status and the health
knowledge of mothers;
• level of immunization and oral
rehydration therapy;
• availability of maternal and child health
services (including prenatal care);
 Under-five mortality rate (U5MR)
• Income and food availability in the family;
• Availability of safe drinking water and
basic sanitation;
• Safety of the child’s environment, among
other factors

• U5MR is less susceptible to the fallacy

due that is a picture of the health status
of the majority of children (and of society
as a whole).
MDGs and maternal/child health
• Millennium Development Goal 4 aims to
reduce child deaths by two-thirds
between 1990 and 2015.

• Millennium Development Goal 5 has the

target of reducing maternal deaths by
three-quarters over the same period.
MDGs and maternal/child health
• Unfortunately, on present trends, most
countries are unlikely to achieve either
of these goals.

• A recent review of MDG progress, show

that the world have only 32% of the way
to achieving the child health goal and
less than 10% of the way to achieving
the goal for maternal health.
 Some emerging and reemerging
problems to M & Ch Health.
• HIV/AIDS and TB plus Multirresistant TB.
• Dengue.
• Others viral haemorragic fever.
• Old neglected diseases with new burden.
• Cholera outbreaks in Africa and Asia.
• Avian and swyne flu.
• Conflicts, war and infraestructure
destruction.
• Bad governance and uneffective polices.
 Maternal & child health. Hollistic approach.

MORTALITY DEATH
Survival SEPSIS
Pluripathologic
condition SHOCK
SHC actions MOF
OBJETO
DISEASES
MORBIDITY
Integral Care HEALTH
ACESS
PHC
ACTIONS

Susceptibility PREVENTION

RISK FACTORS Vulnerability

AGENT
SOCIAL DETERMINANTS
CAUSE
Social Determinant Factors
 CDC’s Global MCH work focuses on
four goals:
1. Reduce Under 5 3. Strengthen Public
Morbidity and Health Systems for
Mortality MCH
2. Reduce Perinatal and 4. StrengthenPartnerships
Maternal Morbidity
and Mortality
Strategi