SQL Basics

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 Agenda
 Ms SQL Server Overview
 SQL Data Types
 SQL Overview
 Data Definition Language (DDL)
 Data Manipulation Language (DML)

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 Ms SQL Server Overview
 MS SQL Server is a database server
 Product of Microsoft
 Enables user to write queries and other SQL
statements and execute them
 Query Analyzer: one of the Ms SQL Server that:
 Allows us to write queries and SQL statements
 Checks syntax of the SQL statement written
 Executes the statements
 Store and reload statements
 Save the results in file
 View reports (either as grid or as a text)

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 SQL Data Types
 Integer : Stores whole number
 Float : Stores real numbers
 Text : Stores characters
 Decimal : Stores real numbers
 Money : Stores monetary data. Supports 4 places
after decimal
 Date : Stores date and time
 Binary : Stores images and other large objects

 Miscellaneous : Different types special to SQL Server.

(Refer to notes for more info)

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 SQL Overview
 SQL (Structured Query Language) is the standard for
relational database management systems (RDBMS)
 SQL-92 and SQL-99 Standards – Purpose:
 Specify syntax/semantics for data definition and
manipulation
 Define data structures
 Enable portability
 Specify minimal (level 1) and complete (level 2) standards
 Allow for later growth/enhancement to standard
 What Can SQL do?
 Retrieve, insert, update, and delete database records
 Create new or update database structures: table, view,
stored procedures, etc.
 Grant access permission to database objects: tables, stored
procedures, views, etc.

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 SQL Overview
SQL Environment
 Schema
 The structure that contains descriptions of objects
created by a user (base tables, views, constraints)
 Data Definition Language (DDL)
 Commands that define a database, including creating,
altering, and dropping tables and establishing
constraints
 Data Manipulation Language (DML)
 Commands that maintain and query a database
 Data Control Language (DCL)
 Commands that control a database, including
administering privileges and committing data

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 SQL Overview
SQL Database Objects

 A SQL Server database has lot of objects like

 Tables
 Views
 Stored Procedures
 Functions
 Rules
 Defaults
 Cursors
 Triggers

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 Data Definition Language
Table management

Create table tablename

(
col1 data type,
col2 data type
);
- Creates a table with two columns
Drop table tablename;
- Drops the table structure

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 Data Definition Language
Table Constraints

 Table Constraints: Constraints are used to

limit the type of data that can go into a table.
 We will focus on the following constraints:
NOT NULL
UNIQUE
PRIMARY KEY
FOREIGN KEY
CHECK
DEFAULT

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 Data Definition Language
Table Constraints

 CHECK constraint: used to specify constraint

conditions to data. Whenever data changed
(INSERT, UPDATE), these constraints are used
to verify regular data.
 Syntax:
[CONSTRAINT tên_ràng_buộc]
CHECK (điều_kiện)
 Sample:
ALTER TABLE [dbo].[Products] ADD
CONSTRAINT [CK_Products_No_Nissan] CHECK
([Productname] <> 'nissan sentra')

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 Data Definition Language
Table Primary-Key Constraint

 PRIMARY constraint: used to specify

primary key of table.

 Syntax:
[CONSTRAINT tên_ràng_buộc]
PRIMARY KEY [(danh_sách_cột)]

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 Data Definition Language
Table Constraint Scope

•Column Level
CREATE TABLE [dbo].[Customers] (
[CustomerID] [int] IDENTITY (1, 1) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY ,
[CustomerEmail] [varchar] (30) NULL ,
[CustomerState] [varchar] (5) NULL
) ON [PRIMARY]
GO

•Table Level
ALTER TABLE [dbo].[Products] ADD
CONSTRAINT [PK_Products] PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED
(
[ProductID],
[ProductName]
) ON [PRIMARY]
GO

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 Data Definition Language
Table Unique Constraint

 UNIQUE constraint: used to define

candidate keys for the table.

 Syntax:
[CONSTRAINT tên_ràng_buộc]
UNIQUE [(danh_sách_cột)]

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 Data Definition Language
Table Foreign-Key Constraint

 FOREIGN constraint: used to define

relationships between tables in the database.

 Syntax:
[CONSTRAINT tên_ràng_buộc]
FOREIGN KEY [(danh_sách_cột)]
REFERENCES
tên_bảng_tham_chiếu(danh_sách_cột_tham_chiếu)
[ON DELETE CASCADE | NO ACTION | SET NULL | SET
DEFAULT]
[ON UPDATE CASCADE | NO ACTION | SET NULL | SET
DEFAULT]

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 Data Definition Language
Default Constraint

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 Data Definition Language
Sequences

 This creates an auto increment for a

column
 If a table has a column with sequence or
auto increment, the user need not insert
data explicitly for the column
 Sequence is implemented using the
concept of Identity

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 Data Definition Language
Identity

 Identity has
A seed
An increment
 Seed is the initial value
 Increment is the value by which we need
to skip to fetch the nextvalue
 Identity(1,2) will generate sequence
numbers 1,3,5,7…

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 Data Definition Language
Identity Sample

Create table table1

(
Id integer identity(1,1),
Name varchar(10)
)

It is enough if we insert like this:

Insert into table1(name) values(‘Ram’);
Ram will automatically assigned value 1 for id

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 Data Definition Language
Truncate statement

 Truncate table tablename

 Removes all rows in a table
 Resets the table.

 Truncate does the following, where as

delete statement does not
Releases the memory used
Resets the identity value
Does not invoke delete trigger

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 Data Definition Language
Alter a Table

 Used to modify table structure

Add new column
Change data type of existing column
Delete a column
Add or remove constraints like foreign key,
primary key

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 Data Definition Language
Table Indexes

 Indexes make search and retrieve fast in a

database
 This is for optimizing the select statement
 Types of index
Unique
Non unique
Clustered
Non clustered

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 Data Definition Language
Create an Index

Create index indexname on

tablename(columnname)
This creates a non clustered index on a table

Create unique clustered index index_name on

Student(sname);
This creates a unique and clustered index on the
Column Sname.

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 Data Definition Language
Views Overview

 Views are logical tables

 They are pre compiled objects

 We can select few columns or rows from a

table and put the data set in a view and
can use view in the same way as we use
tables

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 Data Definition Language
Views Definition & Manipulation

 Create views:
Create view viewname as select stmt
Create view view_emp as select empid,
empname from employee;
 Select from views:
Select * from viewname
Select empid,empname view_emp;
 Drop views:
Drop view viewname
Drop view view_emp;

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 Data Manipulation Language
Insert statements 1/2

 Inserting data to all columns

Insert into tablename(col1,col2) values(v1,v2)
Insert into tablename values(v1,v2)
 Inserting data to selected columns
Insert into tablename(col1) values (v1)
Insert into tablename(col2) values (v2)

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 Data Manipulation Language
Insert statements 2/2

Examples
 Single-row insert
INSERT INTO Sinhvien VALUES(‘SV3’,’SUP3’,’BLORE’,10)
 Inserting one row, many columns at a time
INSERT INTO Sinhvien (MaSV, Hoten) VALUES (‘SV3’, ‘Smith’);
 Inserting many rows, all/some columns at a time.
INSERT INTO luusinhvien
SELECT hodem,ten,ngaysinh
FROM sinhvien
WHERE noisinh like ‘%Huế%’

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 Data Manipulation Language
Update statement 1/2

Update table tablename

Set colname=value
- This updates all rows with colname set to value
Update table tablename
Set colname=value
Where <<condition>>
- This updates selected rows with colname as
value only if the row satisfies the condition

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 Data Manipulation Language
Update statement 2/2

Examples
UPDATE S SET CITY = ‘KANPUR’ WHERE SNO=‘S1’
UPDATE EMP SET SAL = 1.10 * SAL

UPDATE nhatkybanhang
SET thanhtien = soluong*gia
FROM mathang
WHERE mathang.mahang
=(SELECT mathang.mahang
FROM mathang
WHERE mathang.mahang
= nhatkybanhang.mahang)
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 Data Manipulation Language
Delete statements

Delete from table1;

Deletes all rows in table1
Delete from table1 where <<condition>>
Deletes few rows from table1 if they satisfy the
condition
Exp:
DELETE FROM SP WHERE PNO= ‘P1’

DELETE FROM SP

DELETE FROM lop

WHERE malop NOT IN (SELECT DISTINCT malop
FROM sinhvien)
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 Data Manipulation Language
Select Statements 1/4
 To execute a statement in MS SQL, Select the statement
and Click on the Execute button in the query analyser or
press F5
 This is used to retrive records from a table

 Syntax:
SELECT [ALL/DISTINCT] <Column name1>, <Column
name2>, …
FROM <Table name>
[WHERE <Search condition>]
[GROUP BY grouping columns]
[HAVING search condition]
[ORDER BY sort specification]

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 Data Manipulation Language
Select Statements 2/4

 Eg. Select * from table1;

 This will fetch all rows and all columns from table1
 Eg. Select col1,col2 from table1
 This will fetch col1 and col2 from table1 for all rows
 Eg. Select * from table1 where <<condn>>
 This will fetch all rows from table1 that satisfies a
condition
 Eg. Select col1,col2 from table1 where <<condn>>
 This will fetch col1 and col2 of rows from table1 that
satisfies a condition

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 Data Manipulation Language
Select Statements 3/4

 The SELECT DISTINCT / TOP statements

 DISTINCT: list only the different (distinct) values in a table.
 TOP: specify the number of records to return.
 Syntax:
SELECT TOP number|percent column_name(s)
FROM table_name

 The SELECT INTO statement selects data from one

table and inserts it into a different table.
 Syntax:
SELECT *
INTO new_table_name [IN externaldatabase]
FROM old_tablename

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 Data Manipulation Language
Select Statements 4/4

SQL Alias syntax:

For table:
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name AS alias_name
For column (s):
SELECT column_name AS alias_name
FROM table_name

Using constant & Expression

SELECT tenmonhoc,'Số tiết: ',sodvht*15 AS sotiet
FROM monhoc

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 Data Manipulation Language
SQL Operators

 Arithmetic : +, -, *, /, %
 Assignment : =
 Comparison : <, >, <=, >= <>, =, !=, !<, !>
 Logical : AND, OR, NOT, IN (set), LIKE, BETWEEN…
AND …, ANY, ALL, EXISTS, SOME, IS NULL
 String : Concatenation (+)
 Unary : -, +, ~
 Bitwise: &, |, ^

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 Data Manipulation Language
Select Options

 Aggregate functions
 Sum(col1): sum of data in the column col1
 Max(col1): data with maximum value in col1
 Min(col1): data with minimum value in col1
 Avg(col1): Average of data in col1
 Count(col1): Number of not null records in table
 Grouping – Group by col1 : Groups data by col1
 Ordering – Order by col1 : Orders the result in
ascending order (default order) of col1
 Filtering – Where <<condn>> and Having
<<condn>>

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 Data Manipulation Language
GROUP BY & HAVING

 The GROUP BY statement is used in conjunction with

the aggregate functions to group the result-set by one or
more columns.
Syntax:
SELECT column_name, aggregate_function(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name operator value
GROUP BY column_name

 The HAVING statement is used to specify condition on

group; Example:
SELECT SNO , COUNT(*) FROM SP
GROUP BY SNO
HAVING COUNT(*)>=2

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 Data Manipulation Language
String Functions 1/2

 Substring(string,start,length) – Will fetch

characters starting at a specific index extending
to length specified.
 Left(string,length) – Fetches number of
characters specified by length from left of the
string
 Right(string,length) – Fetches number of
characters specified by length from right of the
string
 Len(string) – Returns the length of a string

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 Data Manipulation Language
String Functions 2/2

 Ltrim(string) – Removes leading spaces in

a string
 Rtrim(string) – Removes trailing spaces in
a string
 Lower(string) – Converts the characters in
a string to lower case
 Upper(string) – Converts the characters in
a string to upper case

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 Data Manipulation Language
Numeric Functions 1/2

 ABS(Number) – Fetches the modulo value

(Positive value) of a number
 CEILING(Number) – Fetches the closest
integer greater than the number
 FLOOR(Number) – Fetches the closest
integer smaller than the number
 EXP(Number) – Fetches the exponent of a
number

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 Data Manipulation Language
Numeric Functions 2/2

 POWER(x,y) – Fetches x raised to the

power of y
 LOG(Number) – Fetches the natural
logarithmic value of the number
 LOG10(Number) – Fetches log to the base
10 of a number
 SQRT(Number) – Fetches the square root
of a number

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 Q&A

Q&A

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