Systems Analysis and Design

Systems Analysis
and Design
Initiating and Planning Systems

Development Projects
Learning Objectives
 Describe steps involved in project initiation and planning.
 Explain the need for and contents of Statement of Work
and Baseline Project Plan.
 List and describe methods for assessing project
feasibility.
 Describe tangible vs. intangible costs and benefits, and
one-time vs. recurring costs and benefits.
 Perform cost-benefit analysis, and understand time value
of money, present value, discount rate, return on
investment, and break-even analysis.
 Describe rules for evaluating technical risk of systems
development projects.
 Describe activities and roles of structured walkthroughs.
Project Initiation and Planning
Project Initiation Tasks
Establish:
 Initiation team
 Relationship with customer
 Project initiation plan
 Management procedures
 Project management environment
 Project workbook
Project Planning Tasks
Describe project scope, alternatives, feasibility.
Divide project into tasks.
Estimate resource requirements and create resource
plan.
Develop preliminary schedule.
Develop communication plan.
Determine standards and procedures.
Identify and assess risk.
Create preliminary budget.
Develop a statement of work.
Set baseline project plan.
Deliverables and Outcomes
Business Case
 Justification for an information system,
expressed as tangible and intangible costs
and benefits, and technical/organizational
feasibility
Baseline Project Plan (BPP)
Statement of Work (SOW)
Statement of Work
(SOW) is a “contract”
between the IS staff
and the customer
regarding
deliverables and time
estimates for a
system development
project.
System Service
Request (SSR) is a
form requesting
development or
maintenance of an
information system. It
includes the contact
person, a problem
statement, a service
request statement, and
liaison contact
information.
Assessing Project Feasibility
Economic feasibility
Technical feasibility
Operational feasibility
Schedule feasibility
Legal and contractual feasibility
Political feasibility
Economic Feasibility
Cost-benefit analysis: identify all the
financial benefits and costs associated
with a project
Tangible vs. intangible benefits

Tangible vs. intangible costs
One-time vs. recurring costs
Tangible Benefits
Benefits
that can be
measured
in dollars
and with
certainty
Benefits that cannot easily be measured in dollars or with certainty
Types of Costs
Tangible: can be measured in dollars and
with certainty
Intangible: cannot easily be measured in
dollars or with certainty
One-time: a cost associated with project start-
up and development or systems start-up
Recurring: a cost associated with ongoing
evolution and use of a system
Possible IS Project Costs
Procurement
 Consulting, equipment, site preparation, capital,
management time
Start-up
 Operating systems, communications installation,
personnel hiring, organizational disruption
Project-related
 Application software, software modification,
personnel overhead, training, data analysis,
documentation
Operating
 System maintenance, rental, asset depreciation,
operation and planning
One-time Costs
Recurring Costs
Three Financial Measurements
for Economic Feasibility
Net Present Value (NPV)
 Use discount rate to determine present
value of cash outlays and receipts
Return on Investment (ROI)
 Ratio of cash receipts to cash outlays
Break-Even Analysis (BEA)
 Amount of time required for cumulative
cash flow to equal initial and ongoing
investment
Definitions of Terms
Present value: current value of a future
cash flow
Discount rate: rate of return used to
calculate the present value of future
cash flows
Time value of money (TVM): comparing
present cash outlays to future expected
returns
Net Present Value
PVn = present value of Y dollars n years from

now based on a discount rate of i.
NPV = sum of PVs across years.

Calculates time value of money.
Break-Even Analysis
Technical Feasibility
Assessing the organization’s ability to
construct the proposed system
Takes into account various project risk

factors
Project Risk Factors
Project size
 Team size, organizational departments, project duration,
programming effort
Project structure
 New vs. renovated system, resulting organizational changes,
management commitment, user perceptions
Development group
 Familiarity with platform, software, development method,
application area, development of similar systems
User group
 Familiarity with IS development process, application area, use
of similar systems
High technical familiarity mitigates risk due to project size
and structure. Low familiarity increases risk.
Other Feasibility Concerns
Operational
 Does the proposed system solve problems or take
advantage of opportunities?
Schedule
 Can the project time frame and completion dates
meet organizational deadlines?
Legal and Contractual
 What are legal and contractual ramifications of the
proposed system development project?
Political
 How do key stakeholders view the proposed
system?
Baseline Project Plan
(BPP) is a
document intended
primarily to guide
the development
team.
Sections:
1) Introduction
2) System description
3) Feasibility
assessment
4) Management
issues
Project Scope
statement is part
of the BPP
introduction.
Sections:
1) Problem statement
2) Project objectives
3) Project description
4) Business benefits
5) Deliverables
6) Expected duration
Factors in Determining Scope
Organizational units affected by new
system
Current systems that will interact with or
change because of new system
People who are affected by new system
Range of potential system capabilities
Diagram Depiction of Project Scope
Context level is a top level data flow diagram. Data flow diagrams
are covered in Chapter 7.
Structured Walkthroughs
A peer-group review of any product created
during the system development process
Roles: coordinator, presenter, user,
secretary, standard-bearer, maintenance
oracle
Can be applied to BPP, system
specifications, logical and physical designs,
program code, test procedures, manuals and
documentation
Structured
walkthrough
form
Summary
In this chapter you learned how to:
 Describe steps involved in project initiation and planning.
 Explain the need for and contents of Statement of Work and
Baseline Project Plan.
 List and describe methods for assessing project feasibility.
 Describe tangible vs. intangible costs and benefits, and one-
time vs. recurring costs and benefits.
 Perform cost-benefit analysis, and understand time value of
money, present value, discount rate, return on investment,
and break-even analysis.
 Describe rules for evaluating technical risk of systems
development projects.
 Describe activities and roles of structured walkthroughs.

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Systems Analysis and Design

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Systems Analysis

Initiating and Planning Systems

Tangible vs. intangible benefits

PVn = present value of Y dollars n years from

NPV = sum of PVs across years.

Takes into account various project risk

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