LOOPS

LESSON 10
LOOPS
Loops are used in programming to
repeat a specific block until some
end condition is met. There are
three loops in C programming:
for loop
while loop
do...while loop
 LOOPS
Let's consider a situation when
you want to print Welcome to
AKIM STATE
UNIVERSITY! five times.
 Here is a simple C program to
do the same:
LOOPS
It was simple, but again, let's
consider another situation when
you want to write Welcome to
AKIM STATE UNIVERSITY!
a thousand times.
We can certainly not write
printf() statements a thousand
times.
LOOPS
Almost all the programming
languages provide a concept
called loop,
which helps in executing one
or more statements up to a
desired number of times.
LOOPS
All high-level programming
languages provide various forms of
loops, which can be used to execute
one or more statements repeatedly.
Let's write the C program with the
help of a while loop and later, we
will discuss how this loop works:
LOOPS
The program makes use of a while loop,
which is being used to execute a set of
programming statements enclosed within
{....}.
Here, the computer first checks whether the
given condition, i.e., variable “i" is less than
5 or not.
 if it finds the condition is true, then the
loop body is entered to execute the given
statements.
 LOOPS
Here, we have the following two
statements in the loop body:
 First statement is printf()
function, which prints Hello
World!
Second statement is i = i + 1,
which is used to increase the
 LOOPS
After executing all the statements given
in the loop body,
the computer goes back to while( i < 5)
and the given condition, (i < 5), is checked
again.
And the loop is executed again if the
condition holds true. This process repeats
till the given condition remains true which
means variable “i" has a value less than 5.
 LOOPS
A loop statement allows us to
execute a statement or group of
statements multiple times.
Lets check the general form of a
loop statement in most of the
programming languages:
General form of a loop statement
 LOOPS
 So let's discuss the two most
important loops available in C
programming language.
Once you are clear about these
two loops, then you can check
other loops available in C and the
way they work.
The while Loop
The while Loop
A while loop available in C
Programming language has the
following syntax:
while ( condition )
{
/*....while loop body ....*/
}
The While Loop
The While Loop syntax can be represented with the
flowchart :
The While Loop
The following important
points are to be noted about a
while loop:
 A while loop starts with a
keyword while followed by a
condition enclosed in ( ).
The While Loop
Further to the while() statement,
you will have the body of the loop
enclosed in curly braces {...}.
A while loop body can have one
or more lines of source code to be
executed repeatedly.
 The While Loop
 If the body of a while loop has just one
line, then its optional to use curly braces
{...}.
A while loop keeps executing its body till
a given condition holds true.
As soon as the condition becomes false,
the while loop comes out and continues
executing from the immediate next
statement after the while loop body.
The While Loop
A condition is usually a
relational statement, which is
evaluated to either true or false.
A value equal to zero is treated
as false and any non-zero value
works like true.
The do...while Loop
The do...while Loop
A while loop checks a given condition before it
executes any statements given in the body part.
C programming provides another form of loop, called
do...while,
It executes a loop body before checking a given
condition.
 The do…..While Loop
It has the following syntax:
do
{
/*....do...while loop body ....*/
} while ( condition );
The do…..While Loop
The above code can be
represented in the form of a
flow diagram as shown
below:
Lets write our earlier
example using
do...while loop
 #include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int i = 0;
do
{
printf( “Welcome to AKIM STATE UNIVERSITY!\n");
i = i + 1;
}while ( i < 5 );
}
The break statement
 The break statement
When the break statement is
encountered inside a loop, the loop is
immediately terminated and
the program control resumes at the next
statement following the loop.
The syntax for a break statement in C
is as follows:
break;
The break statement
Following is a variant of the
above program, but it will
come out after printing
WELCOME TO AKIM
STATE UNIVERSITY! only
three times:
 #include <stdio.h>
 main()
 {
 int i = 0;
 do
 {
 printf( "Hello, World!\n");
 i = i + 1;
 if( i == 3 )
 {
 break;
 }
 }while ( i < 5 );
 }
The continue statement
The continue statement
The continue statement in C programming
language works somewhat like the break
statement.
Instead of forcing termination, continue
forces the next iteration of the loop to take
place, skipping any code in between.
The syntax for a continue statement in C
is as follows:
continue;
The Continue Statement
Following is a variant of
the above program, but it
will skip printing when
the variable has a value
equal to 3
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
 int i = 0;
 do
 {
 if( i == 3 )
 {
 i = i + 1;
 continue;
 }
 printf( "Hello, World!\n");
 i = i + 1;
 }while ( i < 5 );
}
For Loop
For Loop
 The syntax of a for loop is:
for (initializationStatement; testExpression;
updateStatement)
{
// codes
}
 How for loop works?

The initialization statement is executed

only once.
Then, the test expression is evaluated.
If the test expression is false (0), for loop is
terminated.
But if the test expression is true (nonzero),
codes inside the body of for loop is
executed and the update expression is
updated.
This process repeats until
the test expression is false.
The for loop is commonly
used when the number of
iterations is known.
END OF LESSON ON LOOPS
ASSIGNMENT

Briefly Discuss how the following pillars of OBJECT
OREINTED PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS are
implemented in programming.
Polymorphism
Abstraction
Encapsulation
Inheritance
NB: Submission should be done in hard copy