CIEN-4105

Geo-Informatics

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC
SURVEYING
Aerial Photogrammetry &
Satellite Photogrammetry

Civil Engineering Department,

KFUEIT
 CIEN-4105
Geo-Informatics

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC
SURVEYING
Presented By:
Name Registration Number
Arham Yaseen Tahir CVE172001
M. Ammar Saleem CVE172019
Hizbullah Khan CVE172025
Maria Khalid CVE172028
Ansar Shahzad CVE172031
Amna Pakeeza CVE172036
Sahreen Farooq CVE172045

Course Instructor:
Dr. Mohsin Waqas
Civil Engineering Department,
KFUEIT
 Structure
•Photogrammetric Surveying
•Photogrammetry
•Definitions of Photogrammetry
•Applications of Photogrammetry
• Origin of Photogrammetry
•Types of Photogrammetry
•Aerial photogrammetry
•Satellite Photogrammetry
•Satellite vs. Aerial Photogrammetry
 Photogrammetry
Photos – light Gramma – to draw Metron – to measure
“Photogrammetry is the technique of measuring objects from
photographs”

“Photogrammetry is the art, science and technology of obtaining

reliable spatial information about physical objects and the
environment through the processes of recording, measuring and
interpreting image data.”
Definitions of Photogrammetry

Can be very general, e.g.

“The acquisition of physical data of an
object without touch or contact” (Lintz
and Simonett, 1976)
“The observation of a target by a device
some distance away” (Barrett and Curtis,
1982)
Definitions of Photogrammetry

Or more specific, e.g.

“The use of electromagnetic radiation
sensors to record images of the
environment, which can be interpreted to
yield useful information” (Curran, 1985)
Definitions of Photogrammetry

Another more specific, e.g.

“The use of sensors, normally operating at
wavelengths from the visible to the
microwave, to collect information about the
Earth’s atmosphere, oceans, land and ice
surfaces” (Harris, 1987)
 Photogrammetry
Photogrammetry instruments are able to produce images of
the physical properties and characteristics of objects
without being in physical contact with them. Instead, this
highly advanced technology forms images by gathering,
focusing, and recording reflected light from the sun, energy
emitted by the object itself, or reflected radar waves (which
were emitted by the satellite or other remote sensing
devices).
 Photogrammetry
Main characteristics

• Physical separation

• Medium

•Device

• Target
Physical separation between sensor and target
Medium = electromagnetic radiation (sonar is an exception)
Device to sample and measure radiation (sensor)
Target is the terrestrial environment (atmosphere, oceans,
land surface)
 Applications of Photogrammetry
Photogrammetry finds application in the fields below:
• Topographic Mapping

• Architecture

• Engineering

• Manufacturing

• Crime Investigation
• Geology

• Transportation

• Archeology

• Film Industry

• Analysis of Accidents
 Origin of Photogrammetry
Photogrammetry began with aerial photography

First photographs taken in

1839
Origins of Photogrammetry
1858 Gasper Felix Tournachon "Nadar"
takes photograph of village of Petit Bicetre
in France from a balloon
Paris by Nadar, circa 1859
Boston by Black and King (1860)
World War One was a major impetus to
the development of aerial photography

After the war the technology was in

place to begin large scale aerial surveys
 Photogrammetric Surveying
The Photogrammetry is a surveying and mapping technique
which has several applications in the Transportation Department.
The practice of Photogrammetry Applications in surveying
include:
i. Site-planning
ii. Topographic mapping
iii. Earthwork volume estimation for proposed roads
iv. A collection of digital elevation models (DEM)
v. Image-based mapping (orthophotography)
 Photogrammetric Surveying
Photogrammetry refers to art because to obtain reliable
measurements it requires specific skills, techniques, and
decisions taken by an individual. Photogrammetry is a
science and a technology because it uses images and
modifies it, through technology, into significant results. The
Modern photogrammetry involves image references and
image forms different than photographs, like Radar images.
 Photogrammetric Surveying
The photogrammetric process consists of:
i. Proper Project Planning
ii. Image Retrieval
iii. Image Processing
iv. Control Data for Image Adjustment
v. Data Accumulation
vi. Presentation of an End Product Results
The result of the photogrammetric method coordinates
values of specific points, a realistic representation of the
earth surface (topographic map), or a reformed image of the
earth surface including map-like characteristics (orthophoto.)
 Photogrammetric Surveying
Photogrammetry essentially boils down to three main components:

1. Image acquisition :
The first part is image acquisition, which is where you obtain the raw
data. This includes planning the flight over the relevant location,
choosing the camera system you will use for image capture, reviewing
and annotating the captured images, and scanning images.

2. Image Control:
Next up is the image control portion, which includes selecting areas for
targeting and ground control, area surveying control details, and aerial
triangulation.
 Photogrammetric Surveying
3. Product compilation:
Product compilation is where you generate the finished data.
Orthophotos, topographic maps, monoscopic updates, and other
necessary products of the collected data fall under this step.
 Features of Photogrammetric Surveying
1. Easy to use
The ongoing evolution of drone technology has transformed the
photogrammetry industry by rendering it accessible for a wide
variety of individuals and interests. With drones becoming more
and more affordable, consumers are able to use them as a vehicle
for their photogrammetry projects.
 Features of Photogrammetric Surveying
2. Simple equipment
Photogrammetry only requires users to have a digital SLR camera
along with a compatible photogrammetric software.

Pix-processing is a cutting-edge photogrammetric software targeted at

solving various challenges of surveying and facilitating multiple on-site
and off-site work stages. It offers innovative methods and provides the
most efficient, sustainable and cost- effective surveying solutions.
 Features of Photogrammetric Surveying
If you have at least 3 photos taken from a different angle, you can
already reconstruct the 3D model of the object with
photogrammetric software. However, the more pictures, the more
likely the 3D model will be realistic. The manual way to collect
photographs is possible, but for better accuracy, one can use
a drone. When photos dataset is available, it is uploaded to Pix-
processing software to generate the 3D model. Using the software,
one can go from having a bunch of pictures to dense point clouds
and terraformed DEM’s.
 Features of Photogrammetric Surveying
The 3D modeling process with Pix-processing consists of 3 main
steps that generate:
i. Sparse point cloud
ii. Dense point cloud
iii. DEM.

When one gets the 3D model, all the necessary analysis and
calculations can be performed at a click.
 Features of Photogrammetric Surveying
3. Superior for ground surveying
Photogrammetry has experienced a significant evolution since its
inception. Today it is a multi-functional process that is ideal for any
application requiring high-resolution imagery of the utmost quality.

As we are specializing on the object reconstruction for the

surveying industry, it is enough to have a most commonly used at
least 12 MP camera, use 90-degree camera angulation and single
grid track. In this way, you will save time and won’t harm the
quality of the object reconstruction in a 3D mode.
 Features of Photogrammetric Surveying
4. Highly accurate
Photogrammetry is an accurate and economical solution. The drone
market has a vast array of entry-level budget models that easily
incorporate photogrammetry processes and provide high-resolution
images for all manner of interests.
5. Affordable
Photogrammetry is incredibly affordable. Conversely, a high-
quality professional drone can be had for under along Rs.149708
with a performance camera costing Rs.74854 and below. Pix-
processing prime 3D modeling pack that lets you create realistic
highly detailed 3D models is only for 32000 Rupees/month.
 Features of Photogrammetric Surveying
6. Evolved technology
Historically, photogrammetry was very unattainable due to its
formerly common use on airplanes equipped with costly aerial
cameras. In today’s modern times, professionals and small
businesses are able to employ photogrammetry technology via
drones and photogrammetric software solutions. The end result is
easy to operate and affordable means to achieve the kind of
precision surveying and mapping imagery that the only
photogrammetry can provide.
 Types of Photogrammetry
o Based on the location of sensor
– Terrestrial photogrammetry: Images acquired by a
ground based stationary sensor

• Close range photogrammetry: Sensor is present close to

the target object.

– Aerial photogrammetry: Sensors mounted on airborne

platforms

– Space photogrammetry: Mounted on satellites

 Types of Photogrammetry
Aerial and Satellite Photogrammetry can also be termed as
either “passive” or "active."

1. Passive remote sensing detects available (background)

electromagnetic energy from natural sources (such as
sunlight)
2. Active remote sensing, depends on an artificial "light"
source (such as radar) to illuminate the scene.
 Aerial Photogrammetry
Taking aerial photographs of the Earth's surface is a passive form of
remote sensing generated from cameras mounted on aircraft and other
spacecraft.
Types of aerial photograph

• Vertical
• Low oblique
• High oblique
Types of aerial photograph

• Vertical
• Low oblique (no horizon)
• High oblique
Types of aerial photograph

• Vertical
• Low oblique
• High oblique
Types of aerial photograph

 Vertical is most important

as it has minimum distortion
and can be used for taking
measurements
Types of aerial photograph

Fiducial
marks
Types of aerial photograph

Fiducial
axes
Types of aerial photograph

Principal
point

Marginal
information
 Aerial Photogrammetry
Limitations
Aerial photography has limitations in that it can only provide high
resolution spatial imagery when weather (e.g., cloud cover, sun angle) and
environmental (e.g., tidal) conditions are optimal.

Furthermore, the spectral sensitivity of aerial photography is limited to

small range from about near ultraviolet to near infrared.
 Satellite Photogrammetry
Taking Satellite photographs of the Earth's surface is an active form of
remote sensing. Satellite Photogrammetry is the science (and to some
extent, art) of acquiring information about the Earth's surface without
actually being in contact with it. This is done by sensing and recording
reflected or emitted energy and processing, analyzing, and applying
that information."
 Satellite vs. Aerial Photogrammetry
Satellite imagery is an alternative to aerial photography but there is
a lot of confusion as to what is actually satellite and what is aerial
photography. Many people think that the data seen in Google Earth
is taken from a satellite when in reality it is high resolution digital
aerial photography.
In the upcoming slides, there is a list of benefits and weaknesses
for both aerial and satellite photogrammetry.
 Satellite Photogrammetry Aerial Photogrammetry
Speed Speed
Satellites are capable of collecting Aerial photography is a slow and time
large amounts of data in relatively consuming process.
small amounts of time.
Level of detail Level of detail
Satellites generally reside several Aerial photography has the distinct
hundred kilometers above the earth's advantage of having the lens closer to
surface. Although satellite imagery has the subject, in this case the land. By
improved greatly over the years it is adjusting the flying height of the
still lower resolution than aerial aircraft it is possible to improve the
photography. detail that can be captured.
 Satellite Photogrammetry Aerial Photogrammetry
Weather conditions Weather conditions
Both satellite imagery and aerial Although aerial photography can be
photography can suffer from affected by adverse weather conditions
environmental conditions. Being higher there is still the possibility of
up in the atmosphere means that photographing areas in thin or high
satellites have more weather conditions level cloud which might stop the use of
to cope with. satellites.
Types of Data Types of Data
Many modern satellites can collect a Most aerial acquisition aircraft are
variety of data. These include standard fitted with a mount that allows a
photographic imagery, colour infrared number of different cameras or sensors
and in some cases LiDAR radar data. to be attached to the same aircraft. This
This variety of datasets makes satellites allows the swapping of capture devices
very versatile. but only when the plane is not airborne.
 Satellite Photogrammetry Aerial Photogrammetry
Location Location
The major advantage of satellite Location can cause a delay for aircraft
imagery is that the satellite can be acquisition teams. To guarantee that
positioned to take imagery of the survey can be completed an
anywhere on the planet. It does not acquisition team must remain on
have to cross borders or go through the stand-by near to the area to ensure that
many passport controls that could a weather window is not missed.
delay a visiting acquisition team. Luckily there are many aerial
Being above the earth, it is more companies around the world who
efficient for a satellite to allow the specialize photographing their own
earth to revolve below it than to country. This means that for a
physically move to the necessary company in Australia to acquire
location. photography of the UK they only have
to contact one of the companies that
specialize in data of that area.
 Satellite Photogrammetry Aerial Photogrammetry
Post-Processing Post-Processing
Imagery acquired by satellite usually Early aerial photography was made up of
consists of far fewer "shots" than that tens of thousands individual photographs.
taken by aircraft. The extra distance means When the aerial photography industry
that more area can be covered in one pass - adopted digital cameras each digital file
at the deficit of detail. Satellites usually was a copy of what was captured using
capture data in strips (similar to a continual analogue cameras. Recent developments in
video of the area) and allow a larger aerial camera design have moved away
amount of data to be acquired per digital from these traditional images and moved
file. This requires far less post-processing towards the satellite's method of capturing
than if it were to capture individual strips of imagery instead. This has greatly
"frame" images. reduced the amount of post processing
work required but, with it's lower flying
height, there are still more images than
with the higher flying satellites.
 Conclusion
• Photogrammetric Surveying is used to obtain reliable
measurements of Earth.
• Remote sensing involves collecting information about the Earth
from a distance using electromagnetic sensors.
• It evolved from aerial photography.
• The modern technology needs a supportive system for mapping
purposes. With the advent of new technologies, photogrammetry
is proving to be useful for almost all the fields of work and its
importance is growing nowadays.
• Photogrammetry is hence fulfilling public demands very
effectively.
 THANKS!
ANY QUESTIONS?

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