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    Topic 1 Stoichiometry and Solution Concentration

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    Sheau Huey Chen
    Here are the key steps to solve molality problems: 1) Convert mass of solute to moles 2) Convert mass of solvent to kg 3) Plug into molality equation Molality is useful when the amount of solvent varies, unlike molarity where volume is fixed.

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    Topic 1 Stoichiometry and Solution Concentration

    Uploaded by

    Sheau Huey Chen
    91 views48 pages
    Here are the key steps to solve molality problems: 1) Convert mass of solute to moles 2) Convert mass of solvent to kg 3) Plug into molality equation Molality is useful when the amount of solvent varies, unlike molarity where volume is fixed.

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    Here are the key steps to solve molality problems: 1) Convert mass of solute to moles 2) Convert mass of solvent to kg 3) Plug into molality equation Molality is useful when the amount of solvent varies, unlike molarity where volume is fixed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    91 views48 pages

    Topic 1 Stoichiometry and Solution Concentration

    Uploaded by

    Sheau Huey Chen
    Here are the key steps to solve molality problems: 1) Convert mass of solute to moles 2) Convert mass of solvent to kg 3) Plug into molality equation Molality is useful when the amount of solvent varies, unlike molarity where volume is fixed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 48

    Topic 1:

    Stoichiometry and
    Solution
    Concentration
    Stoichiometry
    •Based on the law of conservation of matter

    •A study of the mathematical relationships between the amounts of reactants used and amounts
    of products formed in a reaction.

    •Involves dimensional analysis to analyze balanced chemical reactions.


    Example
    2Fe(s) + 3O2 (s) --> 2Fe2O3 (s)

    -The coefficients here represent the number of atoms or molecules involved in the reaction,
    they can also represent the number of MOLES involved in the reaction.

    How many moles of iron react in this example?

    How many grams of iron is this?


    Example
    2Fe(s) + 3O2 (s) --> 2Fe2O3 (s)

    How many moles of Oxygen react here?

    How many grams is this?


    Example
    2Fe(s) + 3O2 (s) --> 2Fe2O3 (s)

    How many moles of Iron (III) oxide are produced?

    How many grams of Iron (III) oxide are produced?


    Mole ratios
    •Coefficients in a chemical reaction indicate the number of moles of reactants and products in a
    chemical reaction.
    2K(s) + Br2(l)  2KBr(s)

    2 moles of solid potassium react with 1 mole of liquid bromine to form 2 moles of solid
    potassium bromide.
    Mole ratios
      2K(s) + Br2(l)  2KBr(s)

    and

    and

    and
    Example Problem
    Determine all the possible mole ratios for these reactions

    4Al(s) + 3O2(g)  2Al2O3(s)

    3Fe(s) + 4H2O(l) Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g)

    2HgO(s)  2Hg(l) +O2(g)


    Using Stoichiometry
    K(s) + H2O(l)  KOH(aq) +H2(g)

    If you start with 500 g of potassium, how much hydrogen is produced?


    Where should we begin?
    Steps to solve a stoichiometric problem
    Step 1: Start with a balanced chemical equation.
    Step 2: Convert from grams to moles of the given substance.
    Step 3: Convert from moles of the given substance to moles of the unknown substance. Make
    sure you use the appropriate mole ratio.
    Step 4: Convert from moles of unknown to grams of unknown using the molar mass of the
    unknown.
    Example Problem
      K(s) + H2O(l)  KOH(aq) +H2(g)

    If you start with 500 g of potassium, how much hydrogen is produced?


    Step 1: Balance the equation
    2K(s) + 2H2O(l)  2KOH(aq) +H2(g)
    Step 2: Determine the number of moles of what you’re given in the problem.
    Example Problem
      2K(s) + 2H2O(l)  2KOH(aq) +H2(g)
    Step 3: Use the mole ratio to determine how many moles of the unknown you will produce.
    ◦ = 6.39 mol H2

    Step 4: Convert the answer to grams.


    You try
    How many moles of CO2 are produced when 10.0 mol of C3H8 are burned in a gas grill?
    You try
    How many grams of CO2 are produced when 10.0 mol of C3H8 are burned in a gas grill?
    You try
    How many liters of CO2 are produced when 10.0 mol of C3H8 are burned in a gas grill?
    You Try
    Methane (CH4) and sulfur (S8) react to produce liquid carbon disulfide and dihydrogen sulfide
    gas. How many moles of CS2 are produced when 1.50 moles of S8 is used?
    You try
    Determine the mass of sodium chloride produced when 1.25 mol of Chlorine gas reacts with
    excess sodium.
    You Try
    Ammonium nitrate, produces dinitrogen monoxide gas and water vapor when it decomposes.
    Determine the mass of water produced from the decomposition of 25.0 g of solid ammonium
    nitrate.
    Limiting Reagents
    Limiting Reagents
    In a chemical reaction, an insufficient quantity of any of the
    reactants will limit the amount of product that forms.

    Limiting reagent – the reactant that is used up first,


    determines the amount of product that can be formed

    Excess reagent – the reactant that is left over and not


    completely used up at the end of the reaction.
    1 2 3 4

    Step 1: Make sure Step 2: Convert all of Step 3: Compare the moles *Note that the reagent
    / present to the mole ratios
    your reaction is the reactants from that has the smallest
    needed to complete the mass may NOT always
    balanced. mass into moles. reaction. The reagent that
    will run out first in the be the limiting reagent.
    reaction is considered the Mole ratios are very
    limiting reagent. important here.

    How to determine the limiting reagent


    Limiting Reagent Video
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y7l7qd0r8rg
    Example Problem
      2 Cu (s) + S(s)  Cu2S (s)

    What is the limiting reagent when you have 75.0 g of Cu and 30.0 g of sulfur?

    For every mole of Sulfur, you need 2 moles of Cu. So in this reaction, Copper is the limiting
    reagent.
    You Try
    Mg(s) + HCl (aq)  MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

    When 36.00 g of HCl reacts with 15.00 g of Mg what is the limiting reagent?
    You Try
    FeS2(s) + O2(g)  Fe2(SO4)3(aq) + SO3(g)

    If 25.0 g of FeS2 reacts with 21.O g of O2 identify the limiting reagent.


    Example Problem
      NH3(g) + CuO(s)  N2(g) + Cu(s) + H2O(l)

    How many grams of N2 are formed when 9.1 g of NH3 is reacted with 45.2 g of CuO?

    Step 1: Balance the Equation


    2NH3(g) + 3CuO  N2(g) + 3Cu(s) + 3H20(g)

    Step 2: Convert the masses to moles


    Example Problem
      2NH3(g) + 3CuO(s)  N2(g) + 3Cu(s) + 3H2O(l)

    How many grams of N2 are formed when 9.1 g of NH3 is reacted with 45.2 g of CuO?

    Step 3: Determine the limiting reagent.


    In this case, the CuO is the limiting reagent. So we will use this number to calculate how much
    N2 will be formed.
    Step 4: Use the limiting reagent to determine the outcome.
    You Try
    C2H4(g) + O2(g)  CO(g) + H2O(g)
    If 75 g of C2H4 is reacted with 200 g of O2, how many grams of water are produced?
    You Try
    Mg(s) + HCl (aq)  MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

    When 36.00 g of HCl reats with 15.00 g of HCl, how much MgCl2 is produced?
    Percent Yield
    Actual Yield and Theoretical Yield
    Theoretical yield – the maximum amount of
    product that could possibly be made from a
    given amount of reactants.

    Actual yield – the amount of product that


    actually forms.
    Percent Yield
     

    Percent yield is a measure of how efficient a reaction you


    actually carry out is.
    No reaction is perfect. Some product is always lost in the
    process because of error in measurements or lab
    processes.
    Example Problem
      CaCO3(s) --> CaO(s) + CO2(g)

    What is the percent yield if 12.1 g of CaO is produced from 24.9 g of CaCO3?

    Step 1: Determine the theoretical yield. (Hint: The reaction is already balanced)

    Step 2: Use the percent yield formula to determine the % yield.


    You Try
    Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g)  2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)

    If you start with 42.8 g of Iron(III) Oxide, what is the theoretical yield of carbon dioxide?
    You Try
    SiO2(s) + 3C(s)  SiC(s) + 2CO(g)

    If 25.0 g of silicon dioxide is heated with extra carbon 5.0 g of carbon monoxide is produced.
    Calculate the percent yield.
    You try:
    N2(g) + H2(g)  NH3(g)

    If 20.0 g of nitrogen reacts with 20.0 g of hydrogen, 15.2 g of ammonia is produced. What is the
    percent yield?
    (Hint: You’re going to need to balance the reaction and determine the limiting reagent before you can answer this
    question)
    Solutions
    Homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
    ◦ The dissolved substance is completely dispersed
    throughout the solution
    ◦ Concentration is the SAME throughout
    ◦ Usually a solid is dissolved in a liquid
    ◦ Some liquids can dissolve in one another
    ◦ Some gases can be dissolved in liquids
    Solution Process
    Step 1. The solute molecules
    separate. This process requires
    energy.
    Step 2: The solvent molecules
    must separate. This process
    requires energy
    Step 3: The solute and solvent
    attract. This process releases
    energy.
    Solution Concentration
    The amount of solute in a given amount of solvent
    MOLARITY (M) – most common form of
    concentration expression
    MOLALITY (m) – also used for concentration
    expression
    Parts Per Million (ppm) – another form of
    concentration expression
    Molarity
    Equation for Molarity:
    M = moles of solute
    Liters of total solution
    Ex: A 4g sugar cube is dissolved in a tea cup that holds 350mL of water. What is the molarity of
    the solution?
    ◦ Sugar – sucrose (C6H22O11)

    First step: find the moles of solute


    Step 2: Convert the solvent to L
    Step 3: Plug into the formula for M
    Molarity
    What is the concentration (in M) of a solution formed by mixing 10.0g of H2SO4 with enough
    water to make 100mL of solution?
    Molarity
    How many liters of a 3.4M isopropanol solution can be made with 78g of isopropanol? (C3H8O)
    Molarity
    How many grams of potassium phosphate would be needed to make a 1.32M solution in a
    container holding 4.2L?
    Molality
    Equation for molality (m):
    m = moles of solute
    kg of solvent
    Review of kg
    1kg = 1000g
    For WATER: density = 1g/mL
    ◦ So 10mL = 10g = .01okg of WATER
    ◦ Other liquids have specific densities
    Molality
    If you have 18 grams of sodium phosphate and 1302g of water, what is the concentration (in m)
    of the solution?
    ◦ Step 1: convert the solute to moles
    ◦ Step 2: convert the solvent to kg
    ◦ Step 3: plug into the molality equation
    Molality
    What is the concentration (in m) of a solution that contains 16.1g of nitrate and 5000g of water?
    Molality
    If 41g of salt is dissolved 2.7L of ethyl alcohol (density =.789g/mL), what is the concentration of
    the solution (in m)?
    ◦ Step 1: convert solute to moles
    ◦ Step 2: convert solvent to kg – use density equation (D=m/V)
    ◦ Must first convert L to mL to use in density equation!
    ◦ Step 3: plug into molality equation
    Molality
    If you need a 2.1m solution of lithium sulfate, and you have a container holding 1.3L of hexane,
    how many grams of lithium sulfate should you add to the solvent? (Density of hexane = .
    660g/mL)

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