P.

Vidhya lakshmi
M.Arch , 1 st yr
STRUCTURE
• INTRODUCTION
• Methods
• stages
• EIA audit
• Structure
• Projects
• Process
• conclusion
INTRODUCTION
• An environmental impact assessment (EIA) is an
assessment of the positive or negative impact that a
proposed project may have on the environment,
together consisting of the natural, social and economic
aspects.
• The purpose of the assessment is to ensure that
decision makers consider the ensuing environmental
impacts when deciding whether to proceed with a
project
• "the process of identifying, predicting, evaluating and
mitigating the biophysical, social, and other relevant
effects of development proposals prior to major
decisions being taken and commitments made.
• Developments cause a multitude of indirect effects
through consumption of goods and services, production of
building materials and machinery, additional land use for
activities of various manufacturing and industrial services,
mining of resources etc .
• Broadening the scope of EIA can also benefit threatened
species conservation. Instead of concentrating on the
direct effects of a proposed project on its local
environment some EIAs used a landscape approach which
focused on much broader relationships between the entire
population of a species in question
Various methods

Industrial products - Product environmental life cycle

analysis
Genetically modified plants -GMP-RAM, INOVA
Fuzzy Arithmetic
EIA audit
scientific - to check the accuracy of predictions and
explain errors.
management- to assess the success of mitigation in
reducing impacts.
INDIA

• Ministry of Environment and Forests

• The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
experience in India indicates that the lack of timely
availability of reliable and authentic environmental
data has been a major bottle neck in achieving the full
benefits of EIA
• the environmental data is not available in value added
forms that can enhance the quality of the EIA
• EIC caters to the need of creating and disseminating
of organized environmental data for various
developmental initiatives all over the country.
structure
• Summary
• Introduction
– Structure
– Background
– Purpose and Need for Action
– Proposed Action
– Decision Framework
– Public Involvement
– Issues
• Alternatives, including the Proposed Action
– Alternatives
– Mitigation Common to All Alternatives
– Comparison of Alternatives
• Environmental Consequences
• Consultation and Coordination
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
ASSESSMENT PROCESS IN INDIA
• The environment impact process was introduced with
the purpose of identifying /evaluating the potential
beneficial and adverse impacts of development projects
on the environment, taking in to account
environmental, social, cultural and aesthetic
considerations
• An EIA concentrate on problems, conflicts and natural
resource constraints which might affect the viability of
a project
• In recent years, major projects have encountered
serious difficulties because insufficient account has
been taken of their relationship with the surrounding
environment
• The role for EIA was formally recognized at the earth
summit held at Rio conference in 1992. Principle 17 of
the Rio declaration states that –
• “EIA as a national instrument shall be undertaken for
the proposed activities that are likely to have significant
adverse impact on the environment and are subject to a
decision of a competent national authority”
• These guidelines require various studies such as
impacts on forests and wild life in the submergence
zone, water logging potential, upstream and down
stream aquatic ecosystems and fisheries, water related
diseases, climatic changes and seismicity
• TIMING OF EIA
• Ideally EIA should provide information to decision
makers at early stage of the project planning cycle.
• It should be initiated as early as possible before the
commencement of projects. If the projects secure
approval, EIA should include a provision to cover the
audit of the project.
• COST
• The amount allocated and spent for preparation of EIA
by the project proponents are usually a by smally low
compared to the overall project costs (often less than
1% of over all projects).
P
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PROJECTS REQUIRING EIA
Asbestos and Asbestos
Nuclear Power
products
. River Valley projects metallurgical industries
Ports, Harbours, Airports Electric arc furnaces
Petroleum Refineries Viscose Staple fibre
Chemical Fertilizers tourism projects
Pesticides Thermal Power Plants
Petrochemical complexes Highway Projects
Synthetic Rubber Meta amino phenol
Bulk drugs and Dyes
pharmaceuticals
Electroplating
Distilleries
PROCESS
Screening and preliminary assessment data during all
the four seasons of the year. Such an EIA is termed a
“comprehensive EIA”
a single season collection of data, but this should not
be done during the monsoon season. Such an EIA
reports is termed a “Rapid EIA
SCREENING
1- Measurements using simple criteria such as size or
location.
2- Comparing the proposal with list of projects rarely
needing an EIA or definitely needing one
3- Estimating general impacts and comparing these
impacts against set thresholds.
4- Doing complex analyses, but using readily available
data.
PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT
This involves sufficient research, review of available
data and expert advice in order to identify the key
impacts of the project on the local environment,
predict the extent of the impacts and briefly
evaluate their importance to decision makers
FORMATION OF AN EIA TEAM
1-Commissioning and briefing an independent co-
coordinator and expert study team.
2- Identifying the key decision makers who will plan,
finance, permit and control the proposed project, so as
to characterize the audience for the EIA.
3- Researching laws and regulations that will affect these
decisions.
4- Making contact with each of various decision makers.
5- Determining how and when the EIAs finding will be
communicated.
SCOPING
• The first task of the EIA study team is scoping the
EIA. The aim of scoping is to ensure that the study
address all the issues of importance to the decision
makers. First of all the team’s outlook is broadened by
the discussions (with the project proponents ,
decision makers, the regulatory agency,
• scientific institutions , local community
representative and others) to include all the possible
issues and concerns raises by various groups.
MAIN EIA

1- What will happen as a result of the project?

2- What will be the extent of the changes?
3- Do the changes matter?
4- What can be done about them?
5- How can decision makers be informed of what needs
to be done?
IDENTIFICATION:
1- Compile a list of key impacts (e.g. changes in air
quality, noise levels, wild life habitats, species
diversity, landscape views, social and cultural systems,
settlement patterns and employment levels
from other EIA s for similar projects)
2- Name all the projects sources of impacts (e.g. smoke
emissions, water consumption, construction jobs)
using checklists of questionnaires, then list possible
receptors in the environment (e.g. crops, communities
using same water for drinking, migrant of labour) by
surveying the existing environment and consulting
with interested parties.
3- Identify impacts themselves through the use of
checklist, matrices, networks, overlays, models and
simulations.
PREDICTION
Prediction follows an impact within a single
environmental parameter (e.g. toxic liquid effluents)
in to its subsequent effects in many disciplines (e.g.
reduced water quality, adverse impacts on fisheries,
economic effects on fishing villages, and resulting
socio-cultural changes).
EVALUATION

1- Comparison with laws, regulations or accepted

standards.
2- Consultation with the relevant decision makers.
3- Reference to pre set criteria such as protected sites
features of species.
4- Acceptability to the local community or the general
public.
Mitigation
1- Changing project sites, routes, processes, raw
materials, operating methods, disposal methods
,disposal routes or locations, timing or engineering
designs.
2- Introducing pollution controls, waste treatment
monitoring, phased implementation, landscaping
,personal training, special social services or public
education.
3- Offering (as compensation) restoration of damaged
resources, money to affected persons ,concessions on
other issues, or off site programmes to enhance some
other aspects of the environment or quality of life for
the community.
Cost benefit analysis in which all quantifiable factors are
converted to monetary values , and actions are assessed
for their effect on project costs and benefits
2- Explaining what course of action would follow from
various broad ‘value judgments
3- A simple matrix of environmental parameters versus
mitigation measures, contain brief description of the
effects of each measure.
4- Pair wise comparisons, whereby the effects of an action
are briefly compared with the effects of
each of the alternative actions are briefly compared with
the effects of each of the alternative actions, one pair at
a time.
DOCUMENTATION
1- An executive summary of the EIA findings.
2- A description of the proposed development projects.
3- The major environmental and natural resource issues that
needed clarification and elaboration.
4- The projects impacts on the environment (in comparison
with a base line were identified and
predicated.).
5- A discussion of options for mitigating adverse impacts
and for shaping the project to suit its
proposed environment, and an analysis of the trade offs
involved in choosing between alternative
actions.
6- An over view of gaps or uncertainties in the information.
7- A summary of the EIA for the general public.
Thank you