The Network Layer

End to End Transport processes

 Addressing end devices
 Encapsulation
 Routing
 De-encapsulating
Network Layer Protocols
Common Network Layer Protocols
 Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4)
 Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)
Legacy Network Layer Protocols
 Novell Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX)
 AppleTalk
 Connectionless Network Service (CLNS/DECNet)
Characteristics of IP
IP - Connectionless
Characteristics of the IP protocol
IP – Best Effort Delivery
Characteristics of the IP protocol
IP – Media Independent
IPv4 Packet
Encapsulating IP
IPv4 Packet
IPv4 Packet Header
Version, Differentiated Services (DS), Time-to-Live
(TTL),Protocol, Source IP Address, Destination IP Address

Byte 1 Byte 2 Byte 3 Byte 4

IP Header Differentiated Services

Version Total Length
Length
DSCP ECN

Identification Flag Fragment Offset

Time To Live Protocol Header Checksum

Source IP Address

Destination IP Address

Options (optional)
Padding
IPv4 Packet
IPv4 Header Fields
Internet Header Length (IHL), Total Length, Header Checksum,
Identification, Flags, Fragment Offset

Byte 1 Byte 2 Byte 3 Byte 4

IP Header Differentiated Services

Version Total Length
Length
DSCP ECN

Identification Flag Fragment Offset

Time To Live Protocol Header Checksum

Source IP Address

Destination IP Address

Options (optional)
Padding
Network Layer in Communication
Limitations of IPv4
 IP Address depletion
 Internet routing table expansion
 Lack of end-to-end connectivity
Network Layer in Communication
Introducing IPv6
 Increased address space
 Improved packet handling
 Eliminates the need for NAT
 Integrated security
 4 billion IPv4 addresses
4,000,000,000
 340 undecillion IPv6 addresses
340,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
IPv6 Packet
Encapsulating IPv6
IPv6 Packet
IPv6 Packet Header
Byte 1 Byte 2 Byte 3 Byte 4

Version Traffic Class Flow Label

Next
Payload Length Hop Limit
Header

Source IP Address

Destination IP Address
Routing
Host Routing Tables
Host Routing Tables
Host Packet Forwarding Decision
Host Routing Tables
Default Gateway
Hosts must maintain their own, local, routing table to ensure
that network layer packets are directed to the correct
destination network. The local table of the host typically
contains:
 Direct connection R

 Local network route

 Local default route
Host Routing Tables
IPv4 Host Routing Table
Host Routing Tables
Sample IPv4 Host Routing Table
Host Routing Tables
Sample IPv6 Host Routing Table
Router Routing Tables
Router Packet Forwarding Decision
Router Routing Tables
IPv4 Router Routing Table
192.168.10.0/24 10.1.1.0/24
.10 G0/0 .10
PC1 .1 209.165.200.224 /30
.1
.225 .226
R1 S0/0/0 R2
.10 .1 .1 .10
PC2 G0/1

192.168.11.0/24 10.1.2.0/24

R1#show ip route
Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks

D 10.1.1.0/24 [90/2170112] via 209.165.200.226, 00:00:05, Serial0/0/0
D 10.1.2.0/24 [90/2170112] via 209.165.200.226, 00:00:05, Serial0/0/0
192.168.10.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 3 masks
C 192.168.10.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
L 192.168.10.1/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
192.168.11.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 3 masks
C 192.168.11.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/1
L 192.168.11.1/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/1
209.165.200.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 3 masks
C 209.165.200.224/30 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0
L 209.165.200.225/32 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0
R1#
Router Routing Tables
Directly Connected Routing Table Entries

192.168.10.0/24 64.100.0.1 10.1.1.0/24

.10 G0/0 .10
PC1 .1 209.165.200.224 /30
.1
.225 .226
R1 S0/0/0 R2
.10 .1 .1 .10
PC2 G0/1

192.168.11.0/24 10.1.2.0/24

A B C
C 192.168.10.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
L 192.168.10.1/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0

A Identifies how the network was learned by the router.

B Identifies the destination network and how it is connected.
C Identifies the interface on the router connected to the destination network.
Router Routing Tables
Remote Network Routing Table Entries
192.168.10.0/24 64.100.0.1 10.1.1.0/24
.10 G0/0 .10
PC1 .1 209.165.200.224 /30
.1
.225 .226
R1 S0/0/0 R2
.1 .1
.10 .10
PC2 G0/1

192.168.11.0/24 10.1.2.0/24

D 10.1.1.0/24 [90/2170112] via 209.165.200.226, 00:00:05, Serial0/0/0

A Identifies how the network was learned by the router.

B Identifies the destination network.
C Identifies the administrative distance (trustworthiness) of the route source.
D Identifies the metric to reach the remote network.
E Identifies the next hop IP address to reach the remote network.
F Identifies the amount of elapsed time since the network was discovered.
G Identifies the outgoing interface on the router to reach the destination network.
Router Routing Tables
Next-Hop Address
192.168.10.0/24 64.100.0.1 10.1.1.0/24
.10 G0/0 .10
PC1 .1
209.165.200.224 /30
.1
.225 .226
R1 S0/0/0 R2
.10 .1 .1 .10
PC2 G0/1

192.168.11.0/24 10.1.2.0/24

R1#show ip route
Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks

D 10.1.1.0/24 [90/2170112] via 209.165.200.226, 00:00:05, Serial0/0/0
D 10.1.2.0/24 [90/2170112] via 209.165.200.226, 00:00:05, Serial0/0/0
192.168.10.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 3 masks
C 192.168.10.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
L 192.168.10.1/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
192.168.11.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 3 masks
C 192.168.11.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/1
L 192.168.11.1/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/1
209.165.200.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 3 masks
C 209.165.200.224/30 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0
L 209.165.200.225/32 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0
R1#
Anatomy of a Router
Router Memory

Volatile /
Memory Stores
Non-Volatile
• Running IOS
• Running configuration file
RAM Volatile
• IP routing and ARP tables
• Packet buffer
• Bootup instructions
ROM Non-Volatile • Basic diagnostic software
• Limited IOS
NVRAM Non-Volatile • Startup configuration file
• IOS
Flash Non-Volatile
• Other system files
Configure Initial Settings
Router Configuration Steps
192.168.10.0/24 10.1.1.0/24
.10 G0/0 .10
PC1 .1
209.165.200.224 /30
.1
.225 .226
R1 S0/0/0 R2
.10 .1 .1 .10
PC2 G0/1

192.168.11.0/24 10.1.2.0/24

Router> enable Router> en

Router# configure terminal Router# conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. Enter configuration commands, one per line.
End with CNTL/Z. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)# hostname R1 OR Router(config)# ho R1
R1(config)# R2(config)#

R1(config)# enable secret class R1(config)# banner motd #

R1(config)# Enter TEXT message. End with the character '#'.
R1(config)# line console 0 ***********************************************
R1(config-line)# password cisco WARNING: Unauthorized access is prohibited!
R1(config-line)# login ***********************************************
R1(config-line)# exit #
R1(config)#
R1(config)# line vty 0 4 R1(config)#
R1(config-line)# password cisco
R1(config-line)# login
R1(config-line)# exit
R1(config)# R1# copy running-config startup-config
R1(config)# service password-encryption Destination filename [startup-config]?
R1(config)# Building configuration...
[OK]
R1#
Configure Interfaces
Configure LAN Interfaces
192.168.10.0/24 10.1.1.0/24
.10 G0/0 .10
PC1 .1
209.165.200.224 /30
.1
.225 .226
R1 S0/0/0 R2
.1 .1
.10 .10
PC2 G0/1

192.168.11.0/24 10.1.2.0/24

R1# conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
R1(config)#
R1(config)# interface gigabitethernet 0/0
R1(config-if)# ip address 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0
R1(config-if)# description Link to LAN-10
R1(config-if)# no shutdown
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface GigabitEthernet0/0,
changed state to up
R1(config-if)# exit
R1(config)#
R1(config)# int g0/1
R1(config-if)# ip add 192.168.11.1 255.255.255.0
R1(config-if)# des Link to LAN-11
R1(config-if)# no shut
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface GigabitEthernet0/1, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface GigabitEthernet0/1,
changed state to up
R1(config-if)# exit
R1(config)#
Configure Interfaces
Verify Interface Configuration
192.168.10.0/24 10.1.1.0/24
.10 G0/0 .10
PC1 .1 209.165.200.224 /30
.1
.225 .226
R1 S0/0/0 R2
.10 .1 .1 .10
PC2 G0/1

192.168.11.0/24 10.1.2.0/24

R1# show ip interface brief

Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol

GigabitEthernet0/0 192.168.10.1 YES manual up up

GigabitEthernet0/1 192.168.11.1 YES manual up up
Serial0/0/0 209.165.200.225 YES manual up up
Serial0/0/1 unassigned YES NVRAM administratively down down
Vlan1 unassigned YES NVRAM administratively down down
R1#
R1# ping 209.165.200.226

Type escape sequence to abort.

Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 209.165.200.226, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 1/2/9 ms

R1#
Configuring a Cisco Router
Configuring the Default Gateway
Configuring the Default Gateway
Default Gateway on a Host
.10
PC1 192.168.10.0/24
.1
.10 G0/0
PC2

R1
G0/1
.1

.10
.10 PC1 192.168.10.0/24
PC3
.1
.11 G0/0
.10 192.168.11.0/24 PC2
PC4
R1
G0/1
.1

.10
PC3

.11 192.168.11.0/24
PC4
Configuring the Default Gateway
Default Gateway on a Switch

S1#show running-config
Building configuration...
!
<output omitted>
service password-encryption
!
hostname S1
!
Interface Vlan1
ip address 192.168.10.50
!
ip default-gateway 192.168.10.1
<output omitted>

.10
PC1 192.168.10.0/24 192.168.11.0/24
.1 .1
G0/0 G0/1 S2
.11
S1 R1
PC2 .50

If the default gateway were not configured on S1, response

packets from S1 would not be able to reach the
administrator at 192.168.11.10. The administrator would not
be able to mange the device remotely.