Deflection: Virtual

Work Method; Trusses

Theory of Structure - I
Contents
 External Work and Strain Energy
 Principle of Work and Energy
 Principle of Virtual Work
 Method of Virtual Work:
 Trusses

2
External Work and Strain Energy

Most energy methods are based on the conservation of

energy principle, which states that the work done by all the
external forces acting on a structure, Ue, is transformed into
internal work or strain energy, Ui.
Ue = Ui
• External Work-Force.

F dU e  Fdx
P
F x x
 U e   Fdx
P 0
L Eigen work
Ue As the magnitude of F is gradually increased
from zero to some limiting value F = P, the final
x elongation of the bar becomes .
 

P
Ue   ( x)dx Eigen work

F 0

P 2 
1
Ue  ( x )  P
2 0
2 3
 F
ork
F´+P w
n
i ge
P E
L L
Displacement work
x
  ´
´

P
(Ue)Total = (Eigen Work)P + (Eigen Work)F´
+ (Displacement work) P
F´
1 1
(U e )Total  ()( P)  ( ' )( F ' )  P( ' )
2 2

4
 F
20 kN

L L

x (m)
1 cm 0.01 m
1
Ue  (0.01)(20 103 )  100 N  m
20 kN 2

5
 F
20 kN o rk
w
e n
i g
15 kN E
L L L
Displacement work
x (m)
0.75 cm 0.75 cm 0.0075 0.01
0.25 cm
15 kN
15 kN

5 kN
1 1
W (0.0075)(15 103 )  (0.0025)(5 103 )  (0.0025)(15 103 )
2 2

 56.25  6.25  37.50  100 N  m

6
• External Work-Moment.
M
o rk
M´+M w
e n
i g
M E
d
M
Displacement work

 ´

dU e  Md

U e   Md -----(8-12)
0
Eigen work
1
Ue  M -----(8-13)
2
1 1
(U e )Total  M   ' M ' M '
2 2
1
(U e )Total  ( M  M ' )(   ' ) -----(8-14)
2 7
• Strain Energy-Axial Force.


U i   U o dV

1
  (  )dV
L 2

 1 2
1   ( )dV
 U o   2 E
2
 1 N 2
E  ( ) dV
N  2E A

N 1 N 2
  ( ) Adx
A 2E A

L
N2
Ui   dx
0
2 EA

8
 • Strain Energy-Bending
U i   U o dV
P
L
w
1
  (  )dV
L
2

x 1 2
dx   ( )dV
L
2 E
L
1 My 2
 ( ) dV
M M 2 E I
L

1 M 2 y2
d  ( 2 )dAdx
My L
2E I

dx I 1 M2
  ( 2 )(  y 2 d A)dx
L
2E I A

M 2I
 ( 2
)dx
1 2 EI
U o   L

2
L
M2
 Ui   ( )dx 9
0
2 EI
• Strain Energy-Torsion

dx
U i   U o dV
T T

c T 1
   (  )dV
 J 2
d
1 2
  ( )dV
2 G
 1 T 2
 ( ) dV
2G J
J
 1 T2
G  ( 2 )  (  2 dA)dx
 2G J

1 
U o   T2
2 Ui   dx
2GJ
For reference:
Strength of Material by Singer, Fourth
10
Edition, Page 67-68
 • Strain Energy-Shear

U i   U o dV
V V VQ
 1
It   (  )dV
2

dy
1 2
dx   ( )dV
2 G

1 VQ 2
  ( ) dV
2G It K
2 2
A
V Q

2G  It
( dA)dx

G

 V2
1 Ui   K dx
U o   2GA
2 For reference:
Strength of Material by Singer, Fourth
11
Edition, Page 161-163
Principle of Work and Energy
P
x
Ue  Ui
L
L
1 M 2 dx
P  
M diagram 2 0
2 EI

L
1 ( Px) 2 dx
P  
2 0
2 EI
-PL P
M 1 P 2 x3 L

P 
2 6 EI 0

x
V PL3

3EI
+ Mx= 0:  M  Px  0

M   Px
12
Principle of Virtual Work

u U e   U i

L 1
u ( P11 )  1     u  dL   U o dV
2
A

P´ = 1
Virtual loadings
Apply virtual load P´ first
1 • u • dL
u Real displacements

In a similar manner,
L
u
A Virtual loadings
dL
1 • u • dL

P1 Real displacements
Then apply real load P1.
13
Method of Virtual Work : Truss
• External Loading. P1

n1 N1 P2
n N
6
n3 N3 6

4
N
n5 N5

2
N
4
n
2
n

n7 n8 n9 N7 N8 N9
B B

1kN nNL
1   
AE
Where:
1 = external virtual unit load acting on the truss joint in the stated direction of 
n = internal virtual normal force in a truss member caused by the external virtual
unit load
 = external joint displacement caused by the real load on the truss
N = internal normal force in a truss member caused by the real loads
L = length of a member
A = cross-sectional area of a member
E = modulus of elasticity of a member
14
• Temperature

1     n (T ) L

Where:
 = external joint displacement caused by the temperature change
 = coefficient of thermal expansion of member
T = change in temperature of member

• Fabrication Errors and Camber

1     nL

Where:
 = external joint displacement caused by the fabrication errors
L = difference in length of the member from its intended size as
15
caused by a fabrication error
Example 8-15

The cross-sectional area of each member of the truss shown in the figure is
A = 400 mm2 and E = 200 GPa.
(a) Determine the vertical displacement of joint C if a 4-kN force is
applied to the truss at C.
(b) If no loads act on the truss, what would be the vertical displacement
of joint C if member AB were 5 mm too short?
(c) If 4 kN force and fabrication error are both accounted, what would
be the vertical displacement of joint C.

C
4 kN

3m
A B

4m 4m

16
SOLUTION

Part (a)
•Virtual Force n. Since the vertical displacement of joint C is to be
determined, only a vertical 1 kN load is placed at joint C. The n force in
each member is calculated using the method of joint.
•Real Force N. The N force in each member is calculated using the
method of joint.

1 kN
C
-0 4 kN
33 C .83
.5
-2
- 0.8 3 +2 .5
A 0.667 4 kN 2
0 B B
A
n (kN) N(kN)
0.5 kN 0.5 kN
1.5 kN 1.5 kN
17
 1 kN
C
-0 4 kN
33 C .83 -2
- 0.8 3 +2 .5 .5
A 0.667 B A 2 B
C
n (kN) N (kN)
5
5

=
A 8 B
C
1 10 L (m)
0 .4 .41
-1
A 10.67 B
nNL
(1kN )( Cv )   nNL (kN2•m)
AE
1 10.67 kN  m
 C  (10.41  10.41  10.67) 
AE kN
(400 10  6 m 2 )(200 106 2 )
m
Cv = 0.133 mm, 18
Part (b): The member AB were 5 mm too short
1 kN

3 -0
3 C .8
.8 33
-0
A 0.667 B
n (kN)
5 mm

(1)( Cv )   n( L)

 Cv  (0.667)(0.005)

Cv = -3.33 mm,

Part (c): The 4 kN force and fabrication error are both accounted.

Cv = 0.133 - 3.33 = -3.20 mm

Cv = -3.20 mm,

19
Example 8-16

Determine the vertical displacement of joint C of the steel truss shown. The
cross-section area of each member is A = 400 mm2 and E = 200 GPa.

F E

4m
A D
B C
4m 4m 4m
4 kN 4 kN

20
 SOLUTION

•Virtual Force n. Since the vertical displacement of joint C is to be

determined, only a vertical 1 kN load is placed at joint C. The n force in
each member is calculated using the method of joint.

•Real Force N. The N force in each member is calculated using the

method of joint.

F -0.333 E F -4 E
1 1
-0

-5
47 66
0.333

47 0
.9

.6
. . 1 4m . 4 4 4m
-0 -5
43

6
-0
0 0.333 0.667 0.667 D 0A 4 4 4 D
A
B C B C
4m 4m 4m 4m 4m 4m
0.333 kN n (kN) 1 kN 0.667 kN 4 kN 4 kN 4 kN 4 kN
N(kN)
21
 F -0.333 E F -4 E
1

-5
1

-0
6
0.333
47 47 .6 0

.
.9
. 1

66
-0 . -5 4 4

4
-0

3
0.333 0.667 0.667 4 4 4
B C B C
A DA D F 4 E
n (kN) 1 kN 4 kN N(kN) 4 kN
66

5.
66 .

66
5. 4 5 4
4 4 4

=
B C
F 5.33 E A L(m) D
7

30
5 .0 5.33
0

.1
1 16

8
5.33 10.67 10.67
B C
A D
nNL(kN •m) 2

nNL
(1kN )( Cv )  
AE
1 72.4kN  m
 Cv  [15.07  3(5.33)  2(10.67)  16  30.18)] 
AE kN
(400 106 m 2 )(200  106 2 )
m 22
Cv = 1.23 mm,
Example 8-17

Determine the vertical displacement of joint C of the steel truss shown. Due to
radiant heating from the wall, members are subjected to a temperature change:
member AD is increase +60oC, member DC is increase +40oC and member AC is
decrease -20oC.Also member DC is fabricated 2 mm too short and member AC
3 mm too long. Take = 12(10-6) , the cross-section area of each member is A =
400 mm2 and E = 200 GPa.

wall
D C 10 kN

3m

B
A
2m 20 kN

23
 SOLUTION
• Due to loading forces.

1 kN 1 kN 20 kN

0.667 kN D 0.667 C 23.33 kN D 23.33 C 10 kN D 2 C

04
1 20

61
.2

4.
3m 0 3m 20 3 3

3.
-1

-2
0 0 2
B B B
0.667 kN A 2m 13.33 kN A 2m A
20 kN
n (kN) N (kN) L (m)

D 31.13 C
nNL
(1kN )( Cv )  
60 AE
1 2
4.

0
10

1
0  Cv  (60  31.13  104.12)
B (400)(200)
A
Cv= 2.44 mm,
nNL(kN2•m) 24
 1 kN
D 0.667 C D +40 C D 2 C

1 +60

61
3 3
.2

3.
0
-1

D -2 C

0
-2
0 2
B B B
A A A
n (kN) T (oC) L (m)

3
+
B
• Due to temperature change. A
(1kN )( Cv )   n (T ) L Fabrication error (mm)

 Cv  (12 10 6 )[(1)(60)(3)  (0.667)(40)(2)  (1.2)(20)(3.61)] = 3.84 mm,

• Due to fabrication error.

(1kN )( Cv )   n(L)

 Cv  (0.667)(0.002)  (1.2)(0.003) = -4.93 mm,

• Total displacement .
( Cv )Total  2.44  3.84  4.93 = 1.35 mm,
25
26