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Petroleum Refining

Petroleum refining processes and operations can be classified into 5 types: treatment processes, distillation, conversion processes, blending of hydrocarbons, and recovery of light-ends and treatment of wastes. The refinery flow scheme involves crude distillation, coking and thermal processes, catalytic cracking, catalytic hydrocracking, hydrotreating, and catalytic reforming to break down heavier hydrocarbons into lighter fractions and remove impurities. Catalytic reforming in particular converts low octane streams into high octane gasoline components through dehydrogenation, dehydrocyclization, isomerization, and hydrocracking reactions.

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70 views5 pages

Petroleum Refining

Petroleum refining processes and operations can be classified into 5 types: treatment processes, distillation, conversion processes, blending of hydrocarbons, and recovery of light-ends and treatment of wastes. The refinery flow scheme involves crude distillation, coking and thermal processes, catalytic cracking, catalytic hydrocracking, hydrotreating, and catalytic reforming to break down heavier hydrocarbons into lighter fractions and remove impurities. Catalytic reforming in particular converts low octane streams into high octane gasoline components through dehydrogenation, dehydrocyclization, isomerization, and hydrocracking reactions.

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Refinery Process and Operations

Classifications
Petroleum refining processes and operations are classified into 5 significant types
• Treatment Processes (Desalting, hydrodesulfurization, solvent
1 extraction, dewaxing)

• Distillation (atmospheric and vacuum distillation)


2
• Conversion Processes (Decomposition, unification, reforming)
3
• Blending of hydrocarbons adding additives
4
• Light-ends recovery, solid wastes, wastewater treatment, cooling,
5 storage and product transportation
Refinery flow scheme:
1. Refinery products and feedstocks

2. Crude distillation: Separation of crude oil into fractions such as butanes, lighter wet gas,
un-stabilized light naphtha, heavy naphtha, residue crude.

3. Coking and thermal processes: Delayed coking, visbreaking, fluid coking are thermal
cracking processes. The reduced crude bottoms are thermally cracked in a delayed coking
process to produce a mixture of lighter oils and petroleum coke.

4. Catalytic cracking: That breaks down the larger, heavier, and more complex hydrocarbons
into lighter molecules by the action of heat and the presence of catalyst but without the
addition of hydrogen. The atmospheric and vacuum crude unit gas oils and coker gas oil are
used as feed stock for the Catalytic cracking.

C15H32→2C2H4+C3H6+C8H18
Refinery flow scheme:
5. Catalytic hydrocracking: Catalytic hydrocracking is a process where hydrogen and
catalyst are used at relatively low temperature and high pressure for converting middle
boiling points to naphtha, diesel fuel, jet fuel, or high grade fuel-oil.
Catalysts: mixtures of aluminium oxide and silicon dioxide, zeolites (complex
aluminosilicates)

6. Hydrotreating: Hydrotreating (HT) includes catalytic hydrogenation processes that are


used to saturate hydrocarbons and remove heteroatoms such as S, N, and O, as well as
metals from a wide variety of petroleum streams within an oil refinery.
Hydrodesulfurization: Sulphur removal
Denitrogenation: removal of nitrogen
Hydrodeoxygenation: Removal of oxygen

Thiophene+Hydrogen=Butadine+H2S C4H4S+2H2=C4H6+H2S

Oleic acid+Hydrogen=Octadecane C18H34O2+4H2=n-C18H38+2H2O


Refinery flow scheme:
7. Catalytic reforming: The catalytic reforming process uses catalytic reactions to convert
low-octane, heavy, straight-run gasolines and naphtha from the crude distillation unit into
high-octane aromatics, among which is benzene.

A chemical process used to convert petroleum refinery, naphtha's, typically having low
octane ratings, into high-octane liquid products called reformates are components of high-
octane gasoline (also known as high-octane petrol).

There are four major types of reactions which occur during reforming processes:
(a) Dehydrogenation of naphthenes to aromatics
(b) Dehydrocyclization of paraffins to aromatics
(c) Isomerization
(d) Hydrocracking

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